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They're totally different.

Carbon fiber is made by creating yarn from a precursor polymer (polyacrylonitrile and rayon work for this), then heating the yarn until all the non-carbon atoms are driven off.

Aramid is short for "aromatic polyamide." A "polyamide," according to Wikipedia, is "a polymer containing monomers of amides joined by peptide bonds." The most common polyamide on the market is nylon. So an aramid is kind of a super-nylon.

There are some significant differences between the two. Carbon fiber yarns have no strength across the fiber, so they're always woven into cloth. Aramids have strength in both directions; you can buy Kevlar fishing line. (I don't want to know what kind of a fish you need this for!) Carbon fiber is much lighter than aramid cloth. And neither one of them is good in sunlight.

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