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Rhizobium is aerobic, which has a lot to do with the fact that Nitrogen fixation is an energy intensive process which requires large amounts of energy that could not be produced reasonably through anaerobic pathways.

However, Nitrogenase is irreversibly damaged by exposure to Oxygen, so oxygen exclusion is a necessary pre-requisite for Nitrogen fixation. These two facts lead to what is termed the "oxygen dilemma" of Nitrogen fixing bacteria. This dilemma is solved in Rhizobium with two mechanisms. The first is through exceptionally fast and efficient aerobic metabolism, so very little Oxygen is stockpiled. The second is through Oxygen scavenging chemicals, specifically leghemoglobin (same idea as hemoglobin in blood, high affinity for Oxygen), a transport protein which effectively removes Oxygen from the nodule.

The walls of the nodule exclude Oxygen, allowing these controls to be effective.

Source: K Pawlowski and W.E. Newton, "Comparison between Actinorhizal and Legume Symbiosis" in Nitrogen fixing actinorhizal symbioses. 2008 Springer.

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14y ago

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