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A fault is the same thing as a fracture in that they both describe a break (more correctly described as a discontinuity) that passes through a material and splits it into more than one piece.

The word fault however is normally used to describe a very large scale fracture in the Earth's surface that may be anywhere from tens of metres to hundreds of kilometres long.

As such faults (and fractures) are caused by an accumulation or build up of stress within the Earth's crust such as happens due to tectonic plate movement.

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