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The lightest elements (hydrogen, helium, deuterium, lithium) were produced in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The temperatures in the early universe were so high that fusion reactions could take place. This resulted in the formation of light elements: hydrogen(1), deuterium(a stable isotope of hydrogen), helium(2) in two isotopes, lithium(3) and trace amounts of Beryllium(4). Nuclear fusion in stars converts hydrogen into helium. In stars less massive than the Sun, this is the only reaction that takes place. In stars more massive than the Sun (but less massive than about 8 solar masses), further reactions that convert helium to carbon and oxygen take place in successive stages of stellar evolution. In the very massive stars, the reaction chain continues to produce elements like silicon(14) up to iron(26). Elements higher than iron cannot be formed through fusion as one has to supply energy for the reaction to take place. In a supernova explosion, neutron capture reactions take place (this is not fusion), leading to the formation of heavy elements. This is the reason why it is said that most of the stuff that we see around us come from stars and supernovae (the heavy elements part). If you go into technical details, then there are two processes of neutron capture called rapid process (r-process) and the slow process (s-process), and these lead to formation of different elements.

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