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The cell's ultrastructure, the detailed structure of the cell, has been studied with an electron microscope. Beam of electrons are focused by electromagnets so that a maximum magnification of about 500 000 times the real size of the specimen is possible.

The most important feature of the cell which can be identified from a cell's ultrastructure is the nucleus, which is about five micrometers in size. The nucleus contains chromosomes (genes made of DNA which control cell activities), separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. A double membrane within the envelope contains small holes called nuclear pores (100nm in diameter) which allow the transport of proteins into the nucleus. DNA in the nucleus is continuously used to manufacture proteins.

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