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Aristotle suggested that on the Earth we find four elements, which are earth, water, air, and fire; he also thought that the unchanging stars and planets in the sky must be made of a fifth element which he called quintessence. Although this is a very primitive view of the composition of matter, it does have a certain logic. The four elements of Aristotle correspond to four phases of matter, which are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. In that sense, Aristotle was remarkably accurate. The quintessence however does not really fit. The glowing stars, like glowing fires, are a form of plasma, not a novel phase of matter. Other phases do exist, including degenerate matter, Bose-Einstein condensates, superfluid matter, etc., but these can only be found through advanced studies of physics. Aristotle would have had no way to learn about them, in a pre-scientific age.

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