A salmon jumping up a waterfall : Apex
Diffusion would most likely be responsible for the movement of glucose from inside the artificial cell to the solution outside of the cell. Glucose molecules will move from an area of higher concentration (inside the cell) to an area of lower concentration (outside the cell) to reach equilibrium.
Equilibrium was not reached with 10 mM glucose and 100 membrane carriers likely due to saturation of the carriers. When the concentration of glucose exceeds the transport capacity of the carriers, not all glucose molecules can be transported across the membrane simultaneously. Additionally, if the carriers have a limited turnover rate, the influx of glucose may outpace the rate at which it can be transported, preventing equilibrium from being achieved.
Amylase reactions happen when the enzyme called amylase breaks down starch molecules into sugar molecules. When a seed with a lot of starch sprouts into a plant, for example, it is likely to use amylase to convert the starch, which it cannot use directly, into sugar, which it can use.
As a source of energy.
The protein you are referring to is likely a transporter protein, which is responsible for facilitating the transport of specific molecules across the cell membrane. These transporter proteins bind to their target molecules on one side of the membrane and undergo a conformational change to transport the molecules to the other side. Examples include glucose transporters and ion channels.
A salmon jumping up a waterfall
Aerobic respiration (of glucose, or compounds that can be converted into glucose) is a major source of ATP in a cell. Photosynthesis also produces ATP, which is used for the biosynthesis of organic molecules from inorganic ones. Some ATP is produced by glycolysis, the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
Diffusion would most likely be responsible for the movement of glucose from inside the artificial cell to the solution outside of the cell. Glucose molecules will move from an area of higher concentration (inside the cell) to an area of lower concentration (outside the cell) to reach equilibrium.
Adding an enzyme will likely speed up the breakdown of starch into glucose. Enzymes are biological catalysts that can increase the rate of chemical reactions, often significantly. This would result in a faster conversion of starch into glucose compared to the reaction without the enzyme.
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Amylase reactions happen when the enzyme called amylase breaks down starch molecules into sugar molecules. When a seed with a lot of starch sprouts into a plant, for example, it is likely to use amylase to convert the starch, which it cannot use directly, into sugar, which it can use.
Active transport, specifically through a protein pump such as the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT). This process requires energy in the form of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
Lactase catalyzes the breakdown of lactose. It would probably not catalyze the breakdown of starch because enzymes are SPECIFIC and are typically named for the substrate that it acts on. Amylase is the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of starch. (Named so because in plants, starch is stored in the amyloplasts)
A large glucose molecule requires facilitated diffusion but an oxygen molecule does not is a semipermeable membrane.
Most likely referring to glucose
Polar molecules are more likely to be hydrophilic, meaning they are attracted to water and can dissolve in it.
The most likely word is "sugar" (sucrose or glucose).