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Bacteria only reproduce by binary fission, although there are several ways that individual bacteria recombine and exchange genetic material.

In binary fission (a kind of asexual reproduction), a bacterium's DNA replicates and the one-celled organism splits into two separate, independent bacteria.

In conjugation (which is similar to, but technically not, sexual reproduction) two individual bacteria get together and one sends out a bridge of cytoplasm to the other. This "male" bacterium then transfers some of its DNA to the "female" bacterium.

In transformation, bacteria pick up bits of genetic material (called plasmids) from their environments, often by engulfing another bacterium or smaller organism.

In transduction, viruses pick up bits of DNA from one bacterium, which they then insert into the next individual they infect.

All of these methods of genetic recombination increase the variety in bacterial DNA, making them very good at adapting to their environments. This is partially why anti-bacterial-resistant bacteria develop.

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