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Caves are caused by erosion by the sea. Eventually the erosion wears a hole all the way through, creating an arch. After a while, the arch breaks down, forming a stack. When that is weathered even more, whatever is left is a stump. So first, erosion makes a cave. Then a hole is weathered all the way through creating an arch. After more erosion the top of the arch loses support and breaks off leaving a stack. Finally more weathering creates a stump.

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