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An important fact to remember is that for a reaction to occur the reactants' particles must:

  • collide
  • collide with enough energy to break/form bonds

Surface area of reactants - the larger the surface area the more successful collisions between reactants there are.

Temperature - the higher the temperature the more kinetic energy the reactants have and the faster they move meaning they will collide more often (faster) and there will be more energy so there will be more successfulcollisions because the activation energy needed to break/form bonds between molecules is available.

Concentration - the more concentrated the reactants are the more particles per unit volume so the collision rate between reactants increases and there is an increase in successful collision rate and the rate of reaction increases.

Catalysts - are substances that speed up chemical reactions but remain chemically unchanged. They allow the reaction to occur with a lower activation energy meaning more particles will have energy equal or greater than this activation energy, meaning there will be more successful collisions between particles and the rate increases.

FOR GASES ONLY: Increasing pressure - this is the same as increasing concentration.

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