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The five cardinal signs of inflammation are: redness (rubor), pain (dolor); heat (calor), swelling (tumor); and loss of function.

1. Redness - Vasodilation (dilation) of blood vessels increases blood flow so more blood and white blood cells can get there faster. Blood clots are also forming.

2. Swelling - The permeability of blood vessels increase, allowing fluid to move from blood to tissue. Other inflammatory mediators are now able to pass through walls of blood vessels and they accumulate in tissue and in blood.

3. Pain - Nociceptors (pain receptors) are activated allowing you to know where the wound or infection is. Certain mediators, like bradykinin, can also increase pain sensitivity.

4. Heat - Temperature is increasing in damaged area from large amounts of blood present. Certain substances entering cells cause the cells to release chemicals to raise the body temperature.

The four cardinal signs of inflammation---redness (Latin rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor)---were described in the 1st century ad by the Roman medical writer Aulus Cornelius Celsus.

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