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The major components of the cell membrane include phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. Phospholipids form a bilayer that provides a barrier to water-soluble substances, while proteins serve various functions such as transport, signaling, and structural support. Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane's fluidity and integrity, and carbohydrates are involved in cell recognition and communication. Together, these components create a dynamic and selectively permeable membrane essential for cellular function.

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