What are the steps in fragmentation?

Answer 1

Horizontally Fragmented Data Horizontally fragmented data means that data is distributed across different sites based on one or more primary keys. This type of data distribution is typical where, for example, branch offices in an organization deal mostly with a set of local customers and the related customer data need not be accessed by other branch offices. Vertically Fragmented Data Vertically fragmented data is data that has been split by columns across multiple systems. The primary key is replicated at each site. For example, a district office may maintain client information such as name and address keyed on client number while head office maintains client account balance and credit information, also keyed on the same client number.

Answer 2

Fragmentation occurs when a file is split into smaller parts and stored in non-contiguous locations on a storage device. The steps involved in fragmentation include: 1) Request for file storage; 2) Allocation of fragmented space; 3) Placement of file fragments; 4) Retrieval process involving the assembly of fragments for access.