What are the various processes that take place in the duodenum?

Answer 1

The duodenum is about 25 - 30 cm in length and is the first and shortest section of of the small intestine. It connects the stomach to the jejunum tubes. Most of the body's chemical breakdown of food takes place within the duodenum.

Answer 2

Because it is the first part of the small intestine where most of the digestion accuraa CHAPTER 12 - THE 1920s AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION pg. 412-427

1. What did Sacco and Vanzetti get charged and convicted of? Do you believe they received a fair trial? What was the sentiment in the country toward immigrants and political radicals?

• The Red Scare caused Americans to feel suspicious of foreigners and immigrants. Both men were Italian anarchists. They were charged with robbery and murder. Not a fair trial; biased & discriminatory

2. What tactics did the Ku Klux Klan engage in to enlarge its membership?

• "100% Americanism", racism, anti-communist, Anglo Saxon, had rituals and caused racial violence

3. From what countries was immigration limited and from what regions was it not?

• Discriminated Roman Catholics and Jews along with East and South Europe and Japan. Did not apply to immigrants fro, Western Hemisphere (mexicans and canadians primarily)

4. What did Attorney General Mitchell try to protect the people of America from?

• Communism, anarchy, radicals, socialists. He launched raids to protect the country from these things

5. What caused urban sprawl during the 1920s?

• The invention of the automobile was the main cause of urban sprawl in the 1920s. It caused changing of landscape with new roads, gas stations, tourist camps, etc. Helped with travel and caused cities to spread in all directions

6. What was the Teapot Dome scandal about?

• US navy secretary of the interior Albert B. Fall managed to get government oil reserves transferred from navy to interior department, then sold/leased it. Found guilty of bribery and became 1st American to be convicted of felony while having a cabinet post

7. What was the purpose of the Fortney-McCumber Tariff?

• Raised taxes on US imprts to 60%. Tax protexted US businesses from foreign competition, but made it impossible to sell enough goods in the US to repay debts.

8. What did business owners wanting to protect their own interests accuse striking workers of?

• Accused striking workers of trying to plan a revolution and of being communist. Newspapers screamed, "Plots to Establish Communism."

9. Why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact considered useless?

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact renounced war as a national policy and wanted powerful nations to get rid of some of their warships. It was futile because it provided no means of enforcement

10. What were the signs of the times that the prosperity of the 1920's was superficial?

• Producing great quantities of goods

• Buying goods on credit

11. What circumstance most closely tied the public's negative reaction to labor unions in the 1920's?

• Much of work force was immigrants

• Unions had hard time organizing immigrants because of wide variety of languages spoken

• farmers who had migrated to cities were used to relying on themselves

• most unions excluded African Americans

CHAPTER 13 THE ROARING LIFE OF THE 1920s pg. 434-457

Why was prohibition difficult to enforce?

• The government failed to budget enough money to enforce the law. The job of enforcement involved patrolling 18,700 miles of coastline as well as inland borders, tacking down illegal stills , monitoring highways for truckloads of illegal alcohol and overseeing all the industries that legally used alcohol to be sure none was siphoned for illegal purposes.

• Disrespect for the law developed

• An increase in lawlessness such as smuggling and bootlegging was evident

• Organized crime grew

• People believed that prohibition caused worse effects than the initial problem.

What were speakeasies and where could they be found?

• Drinkers went to these underground hidden saloons and nightclubs. They were called this because when one was inside one spoke quietly or "easily" to avoid detection. They could be found everywhere, in penthouses cellars, office buildings, rooming houses , tenements ,hardware stores, and tearooms. To be admitted one had to present a card or use a password . There would be a mix of middle class and upper-middle-class people here.

What does the Harlem Renaissance refer to?

• A literary and artistic movement celebrating African - American culture

What law did John T. Scopes break in Tennessee to have him put on trial? What's the trials'significance?

• Tennessee had passed the nation's first law that made it a crime to teach evolution .

• This trial was a fight over evolution and this role of science and religion in public schools and in American society.

• William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor against Clarence Darrow who was defending Scopes.

• Bryan admitted the bible could be interpreted in many ways .

• Scopes was found guilty and fined 100 dollars

How are Gershwin and Armstrong linked?

• George Gershwin was a concert music composer, he merged traditional elements with American jazz thus creating a new sound.

• Louis Armstrong a young trumpet player joined Oliver's group and Louis became the most important influential musician in the history of jazz.

• Gershwin created jazz while Armstrong helped spread it

What is the Great Migration?

• Hundreds of thousands of African Americans had uprooted themselves from their homes in the South and moved north to the big cities in search of jobs in a movement known as the Great Migration (1910-1920)

What do fundamentalists believe is caused by alcohol? (I think that the question is wrong; it's supposed to be prohibitionists)

• They thought that it caused corruption, crime, wife and child abuse, accidents on the job, social problems.

What does the "double standard" refer to?

• This refers to s set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women- required women to observe stricter standards of behavior than men did.

How does F. Scott Fitzgerald characterize the 1920's?

• The "Jazz Age"

What was Charles Lindbergh famous for?

• He was a small-town pilot for Minnesota, who made the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic. He decided to go after the case prize of 25,000 offered for the first solo transatlantic flight. He took off from New York and landed in Paris .

Know what the NAACP stood for and accomplished

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People urged African Americans to protest racial violence . W.E.B. Du Bois was a founding member. They fought for legislation protect African-American rights. Anti-lynching laws were also a main priority. Eventually lynching dropped although no laws were passed . The NAACP represented the new, more militant voice of African Americans.

Know the origins of Jazz music and how and who spread this type of music to the North

• Jazz was born in the early 20th century in New Orleans where musicians blended instrumental ragtime and vocal blues into a new sound. Joe "king" Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band traveled north to Chicago carrying jazz with them . Louis Armstrong a young trumpet player joined Oliver's group and Louis became the most important influential musician in the history of jazz.

CHAPTER 14 THE GREAT DEPRESSION BEGINS pg. 464-483

1. What Problem did farmers have during the 1920's and why did so many lose their farms?

During WWI, prices rose, and the demand for crops was high. After war, demand fell, and crop prices fell. Farmers boosted production, but this only caused further rice decrease. Many went into debt and had difficulty paying their loans. When banks foreclosed, farmers lost their farms.

2. How did Hoover try to help the economy after the stock market crash?

He called together key leaders in the fields of business, banking, and labor, urging them to work together to find solutions. He encouraged employers not to lay off employees, and created a special organization to help private charities generate contributions to the poor.

3. Who were the Bonus Marchers?

WWI veterans and their armies who arrived in Washington DC who supported receiving a bonus if they had not been compensated properly in WWI. After the bonus was rejected, many stayed in DC, so Hoover demanded they be disbanded (fear of violence) baby died, boy blinded by gas, bad for Hoovers image.

4. Understand the phrase buying on margin.

Paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest.

5. Understand the causes and effects of the Great Depression.

Causes: Tariffs and war debt policies that but down the foreign market for American goods, crisis in farm sector, easy credit, unequal incomes

Effects: psychologically- a more careful thrifty attitude with money, sacrificing nature. Suicide rate went up. A new charitable outlook towards others (feeding the hungry, etc)

6. What name was given to men and boys who rode the railroads illegally in search of work?

Several names "wild boys", or "Hoover tourists"

7. Know the governmental system for giving payments or food to the poor.

Direct Relief

8. Where did homeless people often live and what unflattering name were they given?

Shanty towns, homeless shelters- often called hoboes.

9. Understand the many results of the psychological stress caused by the Great Depression.

Suicide rate rises by 30 percent, habits of saving money, goal of wealth.

10. What was the overall unemployment rate at the height of the depression?

25 percent

11. Understand the long-term effects of the depression on people and how it changed some peoples approach to life.

Some people lost their will to live, some people sacrificed college or having children, many became money thrifty.

12. Understand the causes of the Dust Bowl.

Farmers from the Great Plains plowed the grasslands, leaving the topsoil exposed. Droughts and winds formed in the 190', and dust was carried for hundreds of miles.

13. What were the results of the Hawley- Smoot Tariff?

The tariff prevented other countries from buying American goods. It made unemployment worse in countries not exporting to Europe. Many other countries formed tariffs. World trade fell more the 40 percent.

14. During the depression, how was the new kind of relief that came from the government characterized?

Direct relief- straight from the government. However, Hoover was a firm believer in opposing social welfare, and only passed few projects to benefit the unemployed (the construction of Boulder Dam, Federal Home Loan Bank Act, Reconstruction Finance Corporation) however, they didn't really make a huge difference.

CHAPTER 15 THE NEW DEAL pg. 488-519

What was Roosevelt's first major action of the new deal focused on?

Banking and financing. He needed to restore the public's trust in banks so he passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, This closed banks that were unable to pay debts

What did Roosevelt do differently regarding his cabinet?

3 Goals New Deal policies focused on

Relief for the needy , economic recovery and financial reform

Which legislation was most responsible for putting the most people back to work?

Works Progress Administration - a series of programs to help youth professionals and other workers, set out to create as many jobs as quickly as possible

What two pieces of legislation were ruled unconstitutional and why?

-NIRA because it gave legislative powers to the executive branch and enforcement of industry codes within states went beyond the fed gov's constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce

-AAA(Agriculture Adjustment Act) agriculture is a local matter and should be regulated by states not federal gov

Eleanor Roosevelt

Eleanor Roosevelt contributes to the nation's recovery, traveled throughout the country to observe social conditions, helped shape new deal policies and prodded husband to appoint women in government positions, also an advocate for women and poor people.

Besides unemployment what reached a new high during the first term of Roosevelt's administration?

The federal deficit

What did Roosevelt do when the Supreme Court ruled a piece of legislation unconstitutional? Was he successful?

Roosevelt proposed a "court packing bill" to reorganize the federal judiciary and appoint six new supreme court justices- so then he could have majority, in the end he was successful w/o court packing bill. Roosevelt got majority of Supreme Court when justices started retiring

Know the works of John Steinbeck, Dorothea Lange, Woody Guthrie

Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck

Photographed "Migrant Mother"(which became a recognizable symbol of the Depression) see pg 497

Woody Guthrie used music to capture the hardships of great depression

New Deal had not done enough? Know the programs they proposed

Father Charles Coughlin major critic of New Deal didn't really propose anything but favored a guaranteed annual income and nationalization of banks

Dr. Francis Townsend - he devised a pension plan that would provide monthly benefits to aged

Huey Long- proposed a nationwide social program: share our wealth

What was the purpose of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and who did it help the most?

Its primary goal was to provide direct relief for the needy, it helped the poor the most

How did the American public perceive FDR and his general personal characteristics compared to Hoover regarding the circumstances people found themselves in?

People liked FDR better he was an effective reform minded leader who actively worked to combat problems of unemployment and poverty, he also seemed more friendly, as compared to Hoover's philosophy of people succeeding on their own accord which caused him to take a cautious approach to dealing with the economy, so his efforts were ineffective.

Mary Mcleod Bethune

Educator who dedicated herself to promoting opportunities for young African Americans, appointed by FDR as head of the division of negro affairs within the national youth administration, she also helped to organize the "black cabinet"- advised the president on racial issues

What new deal policy provided economic relief to the unemployed, aid to children and the disabled and pensions that still exists today?

Social security act

Which act of legislation showed Roosevelt's concern for the environment?

Two main pieces of legislation are the soil conservation act and the Tennessee valley authority

Chapters 16 & 17- WWII AND ITS AFTERMATH pg. 528-557 & pg. 562-595

Who transformed the Soviet Union into an industrial power?

Joseph Stalin

- Abolished privately owned farms

- Replaced with collectives (large gov't owned farms worked by hundreds of families)

- Millions died in famines as a result of the reconstructed society

What is genocide (practiced by the Nazis)?

Genocide: the systematic killing of an entire population

Hitler was obsessed with ridding Europe of Jews and creating a "master race" (called "Aryans")

Targeted:

- Political opponents

o Communists

o Socialists

o Liberals

o Anyone who spoke out

- Other groups in Germany

o Jews

o Gypsies (considered inferior race)

o Freemasons (Nazis charged them to be supporters of the "Jewish Conspiracy")

o Jehovah's Witnesses (refused to join the army or support Hitler)

- Those considered unfit to be part of the "master race"

o Homosexuals

o Mentally deficient/ ill

o Physically disabled

o Incurably ill

Method:

- "death squads" rounded up Jews and shot them on the spot

- concentration camps

- mass exterminations (Germans built six death camps in Poland)

o Shot, hanged, gassed, worked to death, experimented on

Blitzkrieg Strategy

German military strategy (means lightning war)

First implemented in Poland

Involved using advances in military technology (fast tanks, powerful aircraft) to take the enemy by surprise and crush the opposition with overwhelming force

Worked perfectly (spread terror and confusion)

Appeasement: Who, when used, with what country

Appeasement: the giving up of principles to pacify an aggressor

Who: Neville Chamberlain (British Prime Minister) & Edouard Daladier (French Premier)

When used: After Hitler had taken over Austria and was preparing to take over German-speaking regions in Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland)

With what country: Germany (Hitler); In the Munich Agreement, Daladier and Chamberlain signed over Sudetenland without a fight

Match WWII Leaders and Nations

Great Britain -Neville Chamberlain

Soviet Union -Joseph Stalin

Germany -Hitler

Italy - Benito Mussolini

United States - Franklin D Roosevelt/ Harry S. Truman

Munich Pact: who opposed

Winston Churchill (Chamberlain's political rival in Great Britain)

Group who suffered 6 million deaths in the Holocaust

The Jews

Event that triggers U.S. entering WWII

The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor (U.S.'s Pacific naval base)

What happens to democracies in Europe between WWI and WWII?

People turned to authoritarian leaders to solve their economic and social troubles

New democracies collapsed; Dictators gained power

What treaty fueled Hitler's goals?

The Treaty of Versailles: placed all blame for WWII on Germany

Created large amounts of resentment in the German people

Event that draws France and Britain into WWII

Germany invades Poland

Battle of Britain or "The Blitz"

Since Germany's navy couldn't compete w/ Britain's, they attacked w/ bombing planes in the hopes of defeating Britain's Royal Air Force

Germans bombed London every night for two solid months

RAF w/ help of radar were able to fight off the Germanplanes

Hitler called off the invasion of Britain indefinitely

Rattlesnakes of the Atlantic

Was what Roosevelt called German submarines

After German subs sunk American ships, the Senate repealed the ban against arming merchant ships

*Why militarist gained control of the Japanese government*

Germany's European victories created new opportunities for Japanese expansionists

French, Dutch, and British colonies lay unprotected in Asia

British too busy fighting Hitler to block Japanese expansion

Roosevelt's feelings about joining the war

Roosevelt wanted to help the Allies, but was prevented from doing so the American people's isolationist views

What was the Lend-Lease Act?

The president could lease arms or supplies to "any country whose defense was vital to the United States"

The Office of Price Administration controlled what roblem

It was designed to fight inflation by freezing prices on most goods

A.Phillip Randolph protested against discrimination how?

Organized a march on Washington

Roosevelt backed down and ordered employers and labor unions not to discriminate based on "race, creed, color, or national origin"

General that liberates Paris

General George Patton

Battle of the Bulge -significance

Was the Hitler's last desperate offensive

Afterwards, Germany could only retreat

V- E Signifies

Victory in Europe Day

Eisenhower accepts the Third Reich's unconditional surrender

D -Day -What, When

The beginning of Operation Overlord

The first day of the Allied invasion

MacArthur- Pacific, Philippines, Bataan, Iwo Jima

Forced to retreat in Bataan

Forced to abandon the Philippines; says "I will return"

Returns 2 years later and retakes Philippines

Turns to Iwo Jima, an island in a very strategic spot for a U.S. base

Over 6,000 marines die when taking over the island only 200 Japanese survived

Truman's reason for dropping the A-bomb

To end the war quickly and save American lives

To show the Soviet Union that the U.S. had the militaristic advantage

Nisei -who, what happened to them

Were Japanese Americans whose parents had emigrated from Japan

Forced to relocate to camps (internment/ confinement)

Why Roosevelt put Japanese in internment camps

After Pearl Harbor, the prejudice against Japanese was very strong, but to remove them from Hawaii would have decimated the economy and hindered military operations there

Women in WAAC served as

Non-combat positions -nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilots (nearly every duty not involved in direct combat)

Germany's goal in the Battle of the Atlantic

To prevent food and war materials from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union

Eisenhower's title and the significant battles he led

General Dwight D. ("Ike") Eisenhower

Led Operation Torch -Allied invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa

Led Operation Overlord -Allied invasion of Axis-controlled Europe

Battle of Stalingrad -Why did the Germans lose?

The German supply line was stretched too far and too thin (and then the Soviets cut it off)

The Germans couldn't survive the harsh Russian winter

GI Bill of Rights

Another name for the Servicemen's Readjustment Act

Designed to ease the transition for servicemen returning to civilian life

Provided education and training for veterans paid for by the federal gov't

CHAPTER 18 COLD WAR CONFLICTS pg. 602-627

1. Who controls the economy in a communist vs capitalist society?

Communist: government controls everything

Capitalist: free market, laissez faire economy

2. Who coined the phrase Iron Curtain?

Winston Churchill

3. Satellite Nations?

Countries dominated by soviet union

Albania, Bulgaria, Czech, Hungary, Romania, Poland

4. Goal of the Truman Doctrine?

It was a policy to support any free people resisting subjugation

meant to help stop spread of communism

5. Reason for Development of Hydrogen Bomb?

Russia had made an atom bomb and caught up to us, essentially taking away our advantage so we wanted to get ahead again

6. Eisenhower Doctrine: what, where

Policy stating the US would defend the middle east against any communist attack

7. Doctrine with goal of stopping the spread of communism?

I wasn't sure about this one, Truman Doctrine?

8. Who investigates communism in the Hollywood industry?

HUAC (House of Un-American Activities Committee)

9. Joseph McCarthy and what is McCarthyism?

he claimed communists were taking over the government, wanted to rise to power

McCarthyism is defined as attacks on suspected communists without evidence

10. Leader of Communists in China

Mao Zedong, supported by most of China's people

11. End of Korean war- results

Started out as North Korea (communist) vs South Korea (not communist)

ended in stalemate of sorts; neither were taken over but Korea remained split into two countries

12. Who supported Communists in Korean War?

Soviets and mainly Chinese helped the Communists (North Korea)

13. Why didn't the Soviets support defending South Korea at UN Security council?

They didn't attend, they were purposely not going to UN meetings

CHAPTER 20 THE NEW FRONTIE AND THE GREAT SOCIETY pg. 670-693

Factors for and against Kennedy's election in 1960-

Pros: Attractive, supported civil rights, wealthy

Cons: Young, Roman Catholic

Flexible response strategy- purpose, which president-

Kennedy administration policy that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons. Purpose was a better-rounded military

What did the U.S. give the Soviets to end the Cuban Missile Crisis-

the U.S. pledged not to invade Cuba, and agreed to remove missiles from Turkey.

Why was the Berlin wall constructed and by whom-

Built by communist East German government to prevent its citizens from fleeing to the free west

Goals of the New Frontier-

Provide medical care for the elderly, to rebuild urban areas, to aid education, incre3ase national defense, increase international aid, and expand the space program

U.S. reaction to the first Soviet in space-

Was further motivated to put the first man on the moon

Warren Commission conclusion-

Oswald had shot the president while acting on his own

Johnsons great society results- was there opposition- who-

Medicare and medicade were established through the Medicare act, the immigration act of 1965 opened the door for many non-European immigrants to settle in the United States by ending quotas based on Nationality, The environment was helped by the Water Quality Act, Clean Air Act Amendment, and the Wilderness Preservation Act. Most Conservatives disapproved, and a conservative backlash began to take shape.

Why did Johnson defeat Goldwater by a landslide-

Goldwater publicly said he was not afraid to use nuclear weapons against Cuba and North Vietnam, this frightened most Americans. Johnson was against nuclear use, and did not want to go to war.

What groups were intended to benefit the most from the great society- The poor, young, old, and non-European immigrants

CHAPTER 21 CIVIL RIGHTS pg. 700-723

Supreme Court decision allowing legal segregation and promoted passage of Jim Crow Laws

​In 1890, Louisiana passed a law requiring railroads to provide "Equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races." In the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896, the Supreme Court ruled that this "separate but equal" law did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees all Americans equal treatment under the law. Armed with the Plessy decision, states throughout the nation, mainly in the south, passed what were known as the Jim Crow Laws, aimed at separating the races.

Doctrine overturned in Brown v. Board of Education

​In a landmark verdict of this case, the Supreme Court unanimously struck down the doctrine of segregation in schooling. They believed it was an unconstitional violation of the fourteenth amendments equal protection clause.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes segregation illegal where

​This act makes it illegal everywhere in the nation because it is a federal law but it was hard to enforce in some areas such as the south.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 enables federal offices to do what

​The act eliminated the so-called literacy tests that had disqualified many voters. It also stated that federal examiners could enroll voters who had been denied sufferage by local offices.

First organized African American movement to fight segregation

​The first organized movement was by the Montgomery Improvement Association to boycott and protest the busing.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; SCLC, significant events he led

​Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a 26 year old pastor of a church located in the south. He was elected to lead the Montgomery Improvement Association to organize the boycott of busing. He would later go on to lead the SCLC and the March to Washington

Answer 3

it makes little things and cut off stuff so you feel really really good