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The explosions were caused by hydrogen gas mixing with the atmosphere in a contained system, and exploding. There are two ways this could happen.

When the tsunami hit, it basically wiped out all the cooling, power, and backup infrastructure at the plant. This caused reactors 1, 2, and 3 to overheat, and the water in the vessels boiled off to some degree. This led to a increased pressure in the pressure vessel from the steam that was being produced, and the pressure had to be released. The boiling water also exposed the fuel rods, however, and the zircaloy cladding reacts with steam, when it gets hot enough. This reaction produces hydrogen gas, which also is vented. The hydrogen mixed with the atmosphere in the reactor buildings, creating an explosive environment.

In these reactors, and also in building 4, where the reactor was not fueled up, the water in the spent fuel pools was not circulating and boiled. This could have exposed fuel rods, and probably did so in building 4. These rods can react with steam just as the rods in the reactor would, with the same result.

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