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Algal blooms are usually caused by excess phosphorous in lakes; nitrogen in oceans. When a limiting nutrient is added in excess to a marine ecosystem, it is called eutrophication (cultural eutrophication if caused by sewage, fertilizer runoff, etc.). With the addition of an algae's limiting nutrient, its carrying capacity is effectively raised and the population grows. As a result of algal exponential growth, decomposers at the benthos region also experience growth. In the decomposition process, oxygen is used; and in the case of eutrophication, oxygen levels can drop to the point where the environment is hospitable to other marine life.

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