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Limestone rock is made of calcium carbonate in the form of the mineral calcite - tiny skeletons of microscopic organisms in shallow seas. On it's way through the atmosphere to earth, precipitation in the form of rain collects some carbon dioxide and produces a weak acid, known as carbon acid, of which calcite, and thus calcium carbonate, is vulnerable to. When this acid reaches the limestone structure, it causes the limestone to "dissolve". In large limestone structures, little groves are formed on the surface because of this. Wider groves are known as grykes and the structure that stands between grykes is known as a clint. The grykes allow water to sink below the surface allowing caves and potholes to form.

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