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first you must know what ROY G BIV is. that is the spectrum of visible light humans can see and it stands for Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet. the specific characteristic of light that allows you to tell one atom from another has to do with the fact that light travels in waves. each element gives off its own specific and unique light pattern and the different colors of visible light travel in different waves. the color red is the longest wave and violet is the shortest. so lets say hypothetically that you tested helium and you got red light, next you tested oxygen and you got yellow. this would indicate that the two atoms of the element are different because you got two different colors, and therefore two different wavelengths.

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