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What could Kepler's second law be used to measure?
Kepler's second law says that the line joining a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time. Kepler noticed that when a planet's orbit takes it slightly further from the Sun, it moves more slowly. He deduced from calculations made from observations that when the distance increases by 1%, the angular speed decreases by 1%, so the distance times the angular speed, which is the area swept out per second, stays constant. He found this is true all the time for all the planets, a very important discovery in the history of science. The planet's mass times the distance times the angular speed is the angular momentum, and this stays constant. So angular momentum is 'conserved' as the planet goes round, speeding up and slowing down in its orbit. Therefore the second law is now known as a statement of an important physical principle called the Conservation of Angular Momentum. In this way Kepler's second law contributed to scientific progress after his death. Angular speed is measured in radians per second, and the angular momentum is mass times distance times angular speed. For a single particle it is equal to the linear momentum of the particle (mass times speed), while for a rigid body it is the angular speed times the moment of inertia.
What is spin quantization?
Electron Spin:An electron spin s = 1/2 is an intrinsic property of electrons. Electrons have intrinsic angular momentum characterized by quantum number 1/2. In the pattern of other quantized angular momenta, this gives total angular momentumSpin "up" and "down" allows two electrons for each set of spatial quantum numbers.The resulting fine structure which is observed corresponds to two possibilities for the z-component of the angular momentum.This causes an energy splitting because of the magnetic moment of the electronTwo types of experimental evidence which arose in the 1920s suggested an additional property of the electron. One was the closely spaced splitting of the hydrogen spectral lines, called fine structure. The other was the Stern-Gerlach experiment which showed in 1922 that a beam of silver atoms directed through an inhomogeneous magnetic field would be forced into two beams. Both of these experimental situations were consistent with the possession of an intrinsic angular momentum and a magnetic moment by individual electrons. Classically this could occur if the electron were a spinning ball of charge, and this property was called "electron spin."Quantization of angular momentum had already arisen for orbital angular momentum, and if this electron spin behaved the same way, an angular momentum quantum number s = 1/2 was required to give just two states. This intrinsic electron property
What would happen if the planets did not repel the gravitational pull of the sun?
Then we are launched into other places in the universe, there will be no consistency. Your choice of words is inaccurate. Planets do not repel the gravitational pull of the sun, but you could say that they resist it. Their angular momentum keeps them in orbit around the sun. If they were to lose that angular momentum, then they would fall into the sun and burn up completely, leaving nothing behind but super-heated gas.
What did Niels Bohr discover about atoms?
It wasn't so much he "discovered" something about atoms, but that he proposed an idea about them that, while extremely radical for its time, turned out to be basically true. Specifically, that electrons surrounding the atomic nucleus are in specific orbits of a specific energy level, and that the angular momentum of the electron in each such orbit HAD to be a multiple of Planck's Constant divided by 2π (a quantity abbreviated as 'ħ'). In other words, the angular momentum of any electron in orbit around a nucleus could ħ or 2ħ or 3ħ, but it could NOT be 1.5ħ or 1.8ħ . Like many other radical ideas, some scientists liked the idea, others did not. However, when the use of the Bohr Model was successful in making predictions about helium lines, the idea was accepted, as incomplete as it was.
What is the difference between a filled and an unfilled orbital?
A filled orbital has either 2 electrons (if it is the first shell of an atom) or 8 electrons. This is the highest number of electrons these shell can hold Every orbital tends to complete itself to form a stable element. A filled orbital could be any orbital, either 1st, 2nd, second last or last shell of the atom. An unfilled orbital always has atleast one less electron than the shell can hold. It is always the last shell of an atom and always makes the atom unstable as atom tends to acquire inertness by trying to get this unfilled oribital filled.
Could the angular momentum of the closed system of mass change?
In a closed system where no external torque acts, the angular momentum remains constant (law of conservation of angular momentum). If external torques are present, the angular momentum of the system can change due to the torque causing rotation.
What is equation for anular momentum of spin of electron?
Scientists prefer to use the term "spin" rather than angular momentum. However, if one were to view an electron as a charged particle, spinning about its axis, but changing the direction of its axis of rotation so rapidly that only a fraction of its angular momentum points in any one direction at any time, then we could say the TOTAL angular momentum is sqrt(3) h-bar/2 where h-bar is Planck's Constant divided by 2 pi. and the angular momentum along one specific, external axis would be plus or minus h-bar over two.
Which set of quantum numbers could correspond to one of the highest energy electrons in Zr?
The highest energy electron in Zirconium (Zr) corresponds to the 4th energy level (n=4) with an angular momentum quantum number of l=3 (d-orbital), a magnetic quantum number ml ranging from -3 to 3, and a spin quantum number of ms=+1/2. This set of quantum numbers specifies the 4d subshell in which the electron resides.
What electron could have quantum numbers n 2 l 1 ml 0 ms plus?
The given quantum numbers correspond to an electron in a 2p orbital. Here, ( n = 2 ) indicates the principal energy level, ( l = 1 ) specifies the angular momentum (p orbital), ( m_l = 0 ) denotes the magnetic quantum number, which indicates the orientation of the orbital, and ( m_s = +\frac{1}{2} ) indicates the spin of the electron. Thus, this electron is in the 2p orbital, with a specific orientation and spin.
What is the best example for conservation of angular momentum?
In case of Russian dance, the dancer will spin her body about the vertical axis passing through her toe. If she keeps extending her hands then number of rotation and so angular velocity will be less. If she brings her hands close to her body then number of rotations would increase. Same scene could be enjoyed in case of circus with girls hanging just with a tight hold with their teeth.
What would it be like to live above a star that never turns?
Star are formed from nebula and the angular momentum of the nebular matter is preserved in the angular momentum of the spinning star, plus the planets and other parts of the stellar system. If the star did not spin, it would mean that the laws of physics had broken down and in that case, who knows what could happen!
Can A gymnast performing a front double somersault in the tuck position pulls her head between the knees to speed up her angular motion . Could this be explained as Law of Acceleration?
That description sounds more like the law of Conservation of Angular Momentum.
What could Kepler's second law be used to measure?
Kepler's second law says that the line joining a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time. Kepler noticed that when a planet's orbit takes it slightly further from the Sun, it moves more slowly. He deduced from calculations made from observations that when the distance increases by 1%, the angular speed decreases by 1%, so the distance times the angular speed, which is the area swept out per second, stays constant. He found this is true all the time for all the planets, a very important discovery in the history of science. The planet's mass times the distance times the angular speed is the angular momentum, and this stays constant. So angular momentum is 'conserved' as the planet goes round, speeding up and slowing down in its orbit. Therefore the second law is now known as a statement of an important physical principle called the Conservation of Angular Momentum. In this way Kepler's second law contributed to scientific progress after his death. Angular speed is measured in radians per second, and the angular momentum is mass times distance times angular speed. For a single particle it is equal to the linear momentum of the particle (mass times speed), while for a rigid body it is the angular speed times the moment of inertia.
What is spin quantization?
Electron Spin:An electron spin s = 1/2 is an intrinsic property of electrons. Electrons have intrinsic angular momentum characterized by quantum number 1/2. In the pattern of other quantized angular momenta, this gives total angular momentumSpin "up" and "down" allows two electrons for each set of spatial quantum numbers.The resulting fine structure which is observed corresponds to two possibilities for the z-component of the angular momentum.This causes an energy splitting because of the magnetic moment of the electronTwo types of experimental evidence which arose in the 1920s suggested an additional property of the electron. One was the closely spaced splitting of the hydrogen spectral lines, called fine structure. The other was the Stern-Gerlach experiment which showed in 1922 that a beam of silver atoms directed through an inhomogeneous magnetic field would be forced into two beams. Both of these experimental situations were consistent with the possession of an intrinsic angular momentum and a magnetic moment by individual electrons. Classically this could occur if the electron were a spinning ball of charge, and this property was called "electron spin."Quantization of angular momentum had already arisen for orbital angular momentum, and if this electron spin behaved the same way, an angular momentum quantum number s = 1/2 was required to give just two states. This intrinsic electron property
What would happen if the planets did not repel the gravitational pull of the sun?
Then we are launched into other places in the universe, there will be no consistency. Your choice of words is inaccurate. Planets do not repel the gravitational pull of the sun, but you could say that they resist it. Their angular momentum keeps them in orbit around the sun. If they were to lose that angular momentum, then they would fall into the sun and burn up completely, leaving nothing behind but super-heated gas.
Could enough weight be added to a spinning object to stop it completely?
only earth. __________________ No. Adding weight will slow it down, but the angular momentum would be preserved. In order to stop it completely, some opposite force would need to be exerted to neutralize the angular momentum.
What is one way to increase the momentum of an object?
Momentum is of two kind. One is linear momentum and the other is angular momentum. Linear momentum is defined as the product of the mass and the velocity. Hence a vector quantity. To change the momentum of a given body with its mass constant, its velocity is to be changed. Velocity change could be made by changing its magnitude or direction or both. Angular momentum is the product of moment of inertial and the angular velocity. Same manner, angular momentum is also a vector quantity as angular velocity is a vector quantity. Most of us think that moment of inertia of a body about any prescribed axis is also a vector quantity. It is totally wrong as far as my approach is concerned. Moment of inertia is a scalar quantity. So to change the momentum, some force can be applied by allowing a moving body to collide with. Angular momentum can be changed by applying torque on it. Torque colloquially saying is a turning force. Moment of effective force about an axis is termed as torque.
