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The Ptolemaic system dates back to about 140 AD and has the Earth at the centre of the universe and everything else around it. This view was incorporated into the scriptures. It explains the planets' movements among the stars quite accurately and was used into modern times in the mechanisms of planetariums until computerised mechanisms came along.

It was not until 1543 that Copernicus published an alternative view, in which the Sun is at the centre and the planets' orbits are geometrically simpler. Kepler produced another Sun-centred model in 1609 with the planets in elliptical orbits. This latest theory was eventually accepted by astronomers after it was married up with the new theory of gravity and the laws of motion.

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