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Chemically, DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called transcription.

Molecules do not contain anything which is able to be described. They themselves work as a function within the DNA gene. The molecule is the 'blueprint' which is responsible for long-term memory storage.

DNA contains nitrogenous base pairs (purines and pyrimidines), along with deoxyribose sugar, nucleosides and nucleotides.

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