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Protoplasm is the living content of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. This term is not commonly used in modern cell Biology. Protoplasm is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acids, monosaccharides and water, and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, Proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. In eukaryotes the protoplasm surrounding the cell's center is known as the cytoplasm and that inside the center as the nucleoplasm. In prokaryotes the material inside the plasma membrane is the bacterial cytoplasm, while in gram-negative bacteria the region outside the plasma membrane but inside the outer membrane is the periplasm.

Protoplasm is distinct from non-living cell components lumped under "ergastic substances" or inclusion bodies, although ergastic substances can occur in the protoplasm. In many plant cells most of the volume of the cell is not occupied by protoplasm, but by "tonoplast", a large water filled vacuole enclosed by a membrane. A protoplast is a plant or fungal cell that has had its cell wall removed.

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