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What is the difference between hypokalemic and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood during attacks, leading to muscle weakness or paralysis. In contrast, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is characterized by high levels of potassium during episodes, resulting in muscle stiffness or weakness. Both conditions are genetic and involve dysfunction in ion channels that regulate potassium levels in muscle cells.
What are normal elements in the periodic table?
positive element is an example of a normal element!!
Which group on the periodic table does not follow the normal trends and is often ignored?
The group of noble gases (Group 18) does not follow the normal trends seen in other groups on the periodic table. This is because they have full outer electron shells, making them very stable and unreactive compared to other elements.
Why can many quadriplegic patients who are paralysed from the neck and down can still maintain normal body functions such as breathing and digesting?
paralysis of voluntary muscles, not involuntary muscles and tissues that control body functions
Why does electricity contact your muscles?
When electricity comes in contact with your muscles, it can disrupt the normal flow of signals between your nerves and muscles. This can lead to involuntary muscle contractions or even paralysis, depending on the intensity and duration of the electrical shock.
What is hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
The level of potassium in the blood rises slightly or is normal.
What is the difference between hypokalemic and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood during attacks, leading to muscle weakness or paralysis. In contrast, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is characterized by high levels of potassium during episodes, resulting in muscle stiffness or weakness. Both conditions are genetic and involve dysfunction in ion channels that regulate potassium levels in muscle cells.
What does the normal gene responsible for hypokalemic periodic paralysis responsible for?
The normal gene is responsible for a muscle protein controlling the flow of calcium during muscle contraction.
In familial periodic paralysis how does the paralysis disappear quickly when potassium ions are administered IV?
Periodic paralysis disorders are rare genetic mutation which causes a malfunction in certain ion channels in the muscle membrane that affect muscle strength. There are two major forms, hypokalemic and hyperkalemic, each caused by defects in different genes. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis causes attacks of muscle weakness or paralysis when the level of potassium in the blood drops, while in hyperkalemic, it rises slightly or is normal. During attacks of muscle weakness, potassium moves from the blood into muscle cells. This makes the cell unable to contract properly. Rapidly absorbed boluses of liquid potassium are generally needed to abort an attack and IV potassium is seldom justified unless the patient is unable to swallow. It works more rapidly given IV rather than ingested orally because the K+ions are inserted right into the blood stream rather than being digested in the digestive system and taking it's time to reach the blood stream.
What are normal elements in the periodic table?
positive element is an example of a normal element!!
What type of physical therapy is used to treat paralysis?
The physical therapist focuses on mobility. Physical therapy helps develop strategies to compensate for paralysis by using those muscles that still have normal function.
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
DefinitionHyperkalemic periodic paralysis is a disorder that involves occasional episodes of muscle weakness and, sometimes, higher than normal levels of potassium in the blood.It is one of a group of genetic disorders that includes hypokalemic periodic paralysis and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.Alternative NamesPeriodic paralysis - hyperkalemicCauses, incidence, and risk factorsHyperkalemic periodic paralysis is due to faulty genes. In most cases, it is passed down through families (inherited). Occasionally, it occurs randomly in families. It is believed that the disorder is related to problems with the way the body controls sodium and potassium levels in cells.Unlike other forms of periodic paralysis, persons with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis do not have low blood potassium levels. In fact, there may be normal or high levels of potassium in the bloodstream during and between attacks.Risk factors include a family history of periodic paralysis. The condition occurs in approximately 1 in every 100,000 people. It affects men more often then women.SymptomsThe disorder involves attacks of muscle weakness or loss of muscle movement (paralysis) that come and go. There is normal muscle strength between attacks.Attacks usually begin in childhood. How often the attacks occur varies. Some people have several attacks a day. Attacks typically last only 1 to 2 hours, but can sometimes last as long as a day. They are usually not severe enough to need therapy. Some people have associated myotonia, in which they cannot immediately relax their muscles after use.The weakness or paralysis:Most commonly occurs at the shoulders and hipsMay also involve the arms and legs but does not affect muscles of the eyes and those that help you breathe and swallowMost commonly occurs while resting after activityMay occur on awakeningComes and goesUsually lasts 1 - 2 hoursTriggers may include:Resting after exerciseNot eating (fasting)Exposure to coldEating small amounts of potassium-rich foods or taking medicines that contain potassiumSigns and testsThe health care provider may suspect hyperkalemic periodic paralysis based on a family history of the disorder. Other clues to the disorder are muscle weakness symptoms that come and go with normal or high results of a potassium test.Between attacks, a physical examination shows nothing abnormal. During an attack, muscle reflexes are decreased or absent, and muscles go limp rather than staying stiff. The muscle groups near the body, such as shoulders and hips, are involved more often than the arms and legs.An ECG or heart tracing may be abnormal during attacks.An EMG or muscle tracing is usually normal between attacks and abnormal during attacks.A muscle biopsy may show abnormalities.The health care provider may run additional tests to rule out other causes.TreatmentThe goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and prevent further attacks.Attacks are seldom severe enough to require emergency treatment. However, weakness can become worse with repeated attacks, so treatment to prevent the attacks should occur as soon as possible.Glucose or other carbohydrates (sugars) given during an attack may reduce the severity of the symptoms. Calcium or diuretics, such as furosemide, may need to be given through a vein to stop sudden attacks.Expectations (prognosis)Sometimes attacks disappear later in life on their own. However, chronic attacks generally result in progressive muscle weakness that is present even between attacks.Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis responds well to treatment. Treatment may prevent, and may even reverse, progressive muscle weakness.ComplicationsKidney stones(a side effect of acetazolamide)Heart arrhythmias during attacks (rare, not fatal)Difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing during attacks (rare)Progressive muscle weaknessCalling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you have intermittent muscle weakness, particularly if there is a family history of periodic paralysis.Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you faint or have difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing. These are emergency symptoms.PreventionA medicine called acetazolamide prevents attacks in many cases. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are also effective and have fewer side effects than acetazolamide. A low potassium, high carbohydrate diet may also help prevent attacks, as may avoiding fasting, strenuous activity, or cold temperatures.ReferencesBarohn RJ. Muscle diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 447.
Educator was responsible for creating the first normal school.?
Educator _____ was responsible for creating the first normal school. James Carter
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis?
DefinitionThyrotoxic periodic paralysis is a condition in which there are episodes of muscle weakness in people with high levels of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis).Alternative NamesPeriodic paralysis - thyrotoxicCauses, incidence, and risk factorsThyrotoxic periodic paralysis is a rare condition that occurs only in people with high thyroid hormone levels (thyrotoxicosis). It is seen most commonly in Asian men.There is a similar disorder, hypokalemic periodic paralysis (familial periodic paralysis). This is an inherited condition and does not have high thyroid levels.Risk factors include a family history of periodic paralysis and hyperthyroidism.SymptomsThyrotoxic periodic paralysis involves attacks of muscle weakness or paralysis alternating with periods of normal muscle function. Attacks usually begin after symptoms of hyperthyroidism have developed.The frequency of attacks varies from daily to yearly. Episodes of muscle weakness may last for a few hours or several days.Symptoms include:Difficulty breathing (rare)Speech difficulty (rare)Swallowing difficulty (rare)Vision changes (rare)Weakness/paralysis Comes and goesLasts for up to several daysMore common in legs than armsMost common in shoulders and hipsTriggered by heavy, high-carbohydrate, high-salt mealsTriggered by rest after exercisePeople are alert during attacks. Normal strength returns between attacks.Symptoms of hyperthyroidism:Excessive sweating (diaphoresis)Fast heart rateFatigueHeadacheHeat intoleranceIncreased appetiteInsomniaSensation of feeling the heart beat (palpitations)Skin changes: moist, warm, thin, pale (occasionally)TremorsWeight lossSigns and testsThe health care provider may suspect thyrotoxic periodic paralysis based on:Abnormal thyroid hormone levelsA family history of the disorderLow potassium levels during attacksSymptoms that come and go in episodesDiagnosis involves ruling out disorders associated with low potassium.The health care provider may attempt to trigger an attack by giving you insulin and glucose (which reduces potassium levels) or thyroid hormone.During an attack, there may be the following signs:Decreased or no reflexesHeart arrhythmiasLow potassium in the bloodstream (serum potassium levels are normal between attacks)Weakness, especially in the muscles of the arms and legs and occasionally in the muscles of the eyes. The muscles involved in breathing and swallowing can sometimes be affected, and this can be fatal. Muscle strength is normal between attacks at first. However, repeated attacks may eventually cause worsening and persistent muscle weakness.Between attacks, examination is normal. Or, there may be signs of hyperthyroidism, such as an enlarged thyroid.Hyperthyroidism is confirmed by abnormal results on the following tests:High thyroid hormone levels (T3 or T4)Low serum TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) levelsOther test results:Abnormal ECG(electrocardiogram) during attacksAbnormal EMG(electromyogram) during attacksLow serum potassium during attacks, but normal between attacksA muscle biopsymay occasionally show abnormalities.TreatmentThe best treatment is to quickly reduce thyroid hormone levels. Potassium should also be given during the attack, preferably by mouth. If weakness is severe, intravenous potassium may be needed. (Note: intravenous potassium should be given only if kidney function is normal and the patient is monitored in the hospital.)Weakness that involves the muscles used for breathing or swallowing is an emergency. Patients must be taken to a hospital. Dangerous heart arrhythmias may also occur during attacks.Your health care provider may recommend that you eat a diet low in carbohydrates and salt to prevent attacks. Medications called beta blockers may reduce the number and severity of attacks while hyperthyroidism is brought under control.Acetazolamide is effective in preventing attacks in people with familial periodic paralysis. It is usually not effective with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.Expectations (prognosis)Chronic attacks will eventually lead to muscle weakness that persists even between attacks. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis responds well to treatment. Treating hyperthyroidism will prevent attacks and may even reverse muscle weakness.ComplicationsDifficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing during attacks (rare)Heart arrhythmias during attacksMuscle weakness that gets worse over timeCalling your health care providerGo to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have periods of muscle weakness. This is especially important if you have a family history of periodic paralysis or thyroid disorders.Emergency symptoms include:Difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowingFaintingPreventionGenetic counseling may be advised. Treating the thyroid disorder prevents attacks of weakness.
What disorder would cause paralysis or seizures only when asleep?
Although not associated with seizures, you may be thinking of sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis is a disorder characterized by the inability to move upon falling asleep or waking up. Sleep paralysis occurs as a person is moving in our out of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and is the result of a premature disconnection between the brain and body. While the brain and body normally disconnect during REM sleep, those who suffer from sleep paralysis experience the disconnection as they are about to enter or exit REM instead. Symptoms of sleep paralysis include: * Sensations of noise or smells * Feelings of levitation * Inability to move the body * Feelings of terror * Images of intruders Sleep paralysis can be caused by any incident that disrupts normal REM patterns, including jet lack, insomnia, inconsistent sleep hygiene, and brain injury. The best way to banish sleep paralysis is to reestablish normal REM patterns. Going to bed and rising at the same time every day will reintroduce a normal brain-body connection.
What substances is responsible for the normal yellow color of urine?
Urobilin, a byproduct of the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, is responsible for the normal yellow color of urine.
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis?
DefinitionHypokalemic periodic paralysis is an inherited disorder that causes occasional episodes of muscle weakness.It is one of a group of genetic disorders that includes hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.Alternative NamesPeriodic paralysis - hypokalemicCauses, incidence, and risk factorsHypokalemic periodic paralysis is a condition in which a person has episodes of muscle weakness and sometimes severe paralysis.The condition is congenital, which means it is present from birth. In most cases, it is passed down through families (inherited) as an autosomal dominant disorder. That means only one parent needs to pass the gene related to this condition on to you in order for you to be affected.Occasionally, the condition may be the result of a genetic problem that is not inherited.Unlike other forms of periodic paralysis, persons with congenital hypokalemic periodic paralysis have normal thyroid function and very low blood levels of potassium during episodes of weakness. This results from potassium moving from the blood into muscle cells in an abnormal way.Risks include having other family members with periodic paralysis. The risk is slightly higher in Asian men who also have thyroid disorders.Disorders that cause intermittent episodes of paralysis as their primary effect are uncommon. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis occurs in approximately 1 out of 100,000 people.SymptomsThe disorder involves attacks of muscle weakness or loss of muscle movement (paralysis) that come and go. Initially, there is normal muscle strength between attacks.Attacks usually begin in adolescence, but they can occur before age 10. Attacks that do not begin until adulthood are rare in people with hypokalemic periodic paralysis and are usually caused by other disorders.How often the attacks occur varies. Some people have attacks every day, while others have them once a year. Episodes of muscle weakness usually last between a few hours and a day.The weakness or paralysis:Most commonly is located at the shoulders and hipsMay also affect the arms, legs, muscles of the eyes, and muscles that help you breathe and swallowOccurs intermittentlyMost commonly occurs on awakeningMost commonly occurs after sleep or restIs rare during exercise, but may be triggered by rest after exerciseMay be triggered by heavy, high-carbohydrate, high-salt meals or alcohol consumptionUsually lasts 3 - 24 hoursOther symptoms may include:Eyelid myotonia (a condition in which after opening and closing the eyes, the patient cannot open them for a short time)Note: The patient's thinking remains alert during attacks.Signs and testsBetween attacks, a physical examination shows nothing abnormal. Before an attack, there may be leg stiffness or heaviness in the legs.During an attack of muscle weakness, the blood potassium level is low. This confirms the diagnosis. There is no decrease in total body potassium, and blood potassium levels are normal between attacks.During an attack, muscle reflexes may be decreased or absent, and muscles go limp rather than staying stiff. The muscle groups near the body, such as shoulders and hips, are involved more often than the arms and legs.An ECG or heart tracing may be abnormal during attacks.An EMG or muscle tracing is usually normal between attacks and abnormal during attacks.A muscle biopsymay show abnormalities.TreatmentMuscle weakness that involves the breathing or swallowing muscles is an emergency situation. Dangerous heart arrhythmias may also occur during attacks.The goals of treatment are relief of symptoms and prevention of further attacks.Potassium that is given during an attack may stop the attack. It is preferred that potassium be given by mouth, but if weakness is severe, potassium may need to be given through a vein (IV). Note: Potassium, especially intravenous potassium, should be given with caution, especially in individuals with kidney disease.Taking potassium supplements will not prevent attacks.Avoiding alcohol and eating a low-carbohydrate diet may help.A medicine called acetazolamide prevents attacks in many cases. If you take this medicine, your doctor may tell you to also take potassium supplements because acetazolamide may cause your body to lose potassium.Triamterene or spironolactone may help to prevent attacks in people who do not respond to acetazolamide.Expectations (prognosis)Hypokalemic periodic paralysis responds well to treatment. Treatment may prevent, and even reverse, progressive muscle weakness. Although muscle strength is initially normal between attacks, repeated attacks may eventually cause worsening and permanent muscle weakness between attacks.ComplicationsKidney stones(a side effect of acetazolamide)Heart arrhythmias during attacksDifficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing during attacks (rare)Progressive muscle weaknessCalling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you have intermittent muscle weakness, particularly if there is a family history of periodic paralysis.Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you faint or have difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing. These are emergency symptoms.PreventionHypokalemic periodic paralysis cannot be prevented. Because it can be inherited, genetic counseling may be advised for couples at risk for the disorder.Treatment prevents attacks of weakness. Before an attack, there may be leg stiffness or heaviness in the legs. Performing mild exercise when these symptoms start may help prevent a full-blown attack.ReferencesBarohn RJ. Muscle diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 447.
