The nucleolus is a specialized structure within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells responsible for ribosome biogenesis. It synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembles it with proteins to form ribosomal subunits. These subunits are then transported to the cytoplasm, where they combine to form functional ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis. The nucleolus also plays a role in regulating cellular stress responses and other cellular functions.