The platinum electrode is used in coductometry.
The hydrogen electrode is not commonly used in pH titrations because it is relatively unstable and requires careful handling to maintain its performance. Additionally, it can be affected by the presence of other ions in the solution, which may lead to inaccurate measurements. More stable and reliable electrodes, like glass electrodes, provide more consistent and direct readings of pH, making them preferable for titration purposes.
Common types of electrodes used for electrical brain stimulation include intracranial electrodes (such as depth electrodes or grids), subdural electrodes, and transcranial electrodes. These electrodes are used in techniques like deep brain stimulation (DBS), electrocorticography (ECoG), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to modify neural activity for therapeutic or research purposes.
1. M.M.O.(MIXED METAL OXIDE) 2. MAGNESIUM ANODE3. ALUMINIUM ANODE4. ZINC ANODE5. PURE IRON ANODE6. PENCIL ANODE7. H.S.C.I. ANODE(high silicon cast iron)8. Pb-Ag ANODE9. PLATINUM ANODE (Pt-Ti & Pt-Nb)
The inert metal often used in electrodes with an atomic number of 78 is gold (Au).
The primary use of carbon and graphite electrodes is in the manufacturing of steel through electric arc furnace (EAF) process. These electrodes are used to conduct electricity and generate the high temperatures needed to melt the raw materials for steel production. Additionally, they are also used in the production of aluminum, silicon, and other metals.
Platinum electrodes are commonly used in conductometric titrations because they are inert, meaning they do not react with the solutions being tested, ensuring accurate measurements. In addition, platinum electrodes have good electrical conductivity and stability, making them reliable for consistent and precise titration results.
Some types of conductometric titrations include acid-base titrations, redox titrations, and precipitation titrations. Conductometric titration involves measuring the change in electrical conductivity as reactants are titrated against each other until an equivalence point is reached.
Conductometric titrations measure the change in electrical conductivity during a titration, while volumetric titrations measure the volume of titrant needed to reach the equivalence point. Conductometric titrations are more sensitive to small changes in concentration, while volumetric titrations are more straightforward to perform and interpret.
The types of conductometric titrations include strong acid-strong base titrations, weak acid-strong base titrations, weak base-strong acid titrations, and precipitation titrations. Conductometric titrations measure the change in electrical conductivity of a solution as a titrant is added, allowing for the determination of the endpoint of the reaction.
Oxalic acid is used in conductometric titrations because it is a strong electrolyte that dissociates completely in solution, leading to a sharp increase in conductivity at the equivalence point. This makes it easier to accurately determine the endpoint of the titration.
Coductometric titration: is based on the suddenly change of the conductivity at the equivalence point.Volumetric titration: the volume of a standardized titrant is measured at the eqivalence point.
To minimize errors in conductometric titrations, ensure accurate calibration of the conductivity meter, use high-quality chemicals and glassware, maintain a constant temperature, and perform multiple titrations to obtain consistent results. Additionally, ensure the stirring is uniform during the titration process to minimize errors.
The principle of conductometric titration involves measuring the change in electrical conductivity of a solution as a titrant is added to a sample solution. This change in conductivity occurs due to the formation or consumption of ions during the titration process, which can be used to determine the endpoint of the titration. Conductometric titration is commonly used to determine the concentration of ions in a solution or to identify the equivalence point in acid-base titrations.
Diluting the titrand in conductometric titrations helps to ensure a more linear relationship between the conductivity and the concentration of the analyte. This can improve the accuracy and precision of the titration results. Additionally, dilution can prevent issues such as excessive conductivity that could lead to errors in the titration endpoint determination.
Conductance can increase after the end point in conductometric titrations due to the presence of excess titrant in the solution, leading to higher conductivity. This excess titrant can contribute to the conductance of the solution and cause an increase in measured conductance. Factors such as incomplete reaction or side reactions can also contribute to the increase in conductance post-end point.
1. this method can be used with very diluted solutions=2. this method can be used with colored or turbid solutions in which end point can not== be seen by eye==3. this method can be used in which there is no suitable indicator==4.has many applications , i.e. it can be used for acid base , redox ,precipitation, or complex titrations=
Conductometric titration is used in analytical chemistry to determine the endpoint of a titration by monitoring changes in electrical conductivity. It is commonly used to determine the concentration of ions in a solution, such as the determination of the calcium ion concentration in water or the acid content in a sample. Conductometric titration is also useful in studying complexation reactions and acid-base titrations.