Lactones are (internal) cyclic esters of hydroxy-carboxylic acids:
The ester bond is between
X-C-O--H and H-O--(C=O)-Y to form
X-C-O--(C=O)-Y and H--O-H
(X and Y are linked by aliphatic hydrocarbon atoms)
Lactones are cyclic esters formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and a hydroxyl group. The functional groups involved in the formation of lactones are the carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the same molecule.
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the only elements that make up sugars.
Elements
nuclear fusion
there are 108 elements. most of them are metals.
Lactones are cyclic esters formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and a hydroxyl group. The functional groups involved in the formation of lactones are the carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the same molecule.
Five-membered lactones are typically more stable due to their ability to adopt a favorable chair conformation that minimizes steric strain and maximizes angle strain. This conformation allows for effective overlap of orbitals, contributing to ring stability. Additionally, the smaller ring size reduces torsional strain compared to larger lactones, making them energetically favorable. The combination of these factors results in a lower energy state for five-membered lactones, enhancing their stability.
An avermectin is any of a class of macrocyclic lactones, produced by Streptomyces bacteria, and used to kill parasites.
one of the sesquiterpene lactones, artemisinin, has shown promise as a treatment for breast cancer.
L. S. Chagonda has written: 'Approaches to the synthesis of steroidal a-methylene lactones'
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the only elements that make up sugars.
To make study of elements easier.To classify elements.
Gamma-lactone is primarily formed due to the intramolecular esterification of hydroxy acids, where the hydroxyl group reacts with the carboxylic acid group within the same molecule. This specific structure allows for the formation of a five-membered ring, which is energetically favorable compared to the formation of larger or smaller lactones. The stability and strain-free nature of the five-membered ring make gamma-lactones particularly favorable in various chemical contexts, leading to their predominance over other lactone types.
Sesquiterpene lactones, predominantly parthenolide. Other phytochemicals include pyrethrin, volatile oils, tannins, bitter resin, and flavonoids.
Elements
nuclear fusion
No elements make time.