What elements or compounds will make uranium explode?

Answer 1

The burning and exploding of uranium are entirely different processes.

• uranium burns by ordinary chemical oxidation, in fact uranium reacts with oxygen so easily that it is called a pyrophoric material: shavings or dust will suddenly spontaneously combust with no warning whatsoever
• uranium in a nuclear bomb explodes by an exponentially increasing fission chain reaction in a supercritical mass

Answer 2

If you are referring to nuclear explosions, nor particular element or compound will cause this. There are two methods of producing a nuclear explosion. The first is the "gun" design, which fires an enriched uranium projectile into am enriched uranium target at high speeds, producing a single supercritical mass that undergoes a nuclear chain reaction.

The second style is the "implosion" design, which is more efficient but requires more precise engineering. In this case a mass of uranium (or plutonium) is place in a shell of high explosive lenses that send a massive shockwave inward that compresses the uranium or plutonium to supercritical mass.