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Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions). In the light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll, leading to the production of ATP and NADPH while splitting water molecules to release oxygen. In the Calvin cycle, occurring in the stroma, ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose through a series of enzymatic reactions. Together, these stages convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

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