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In the absence of oxygen, high-energy electrons held by NADH are transferred to pyruvate during the process of fermentation. This transfer regenerates NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue and produce ATP, albeit in much smaller amounts compared to aerobic respiration. In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide, while in lactic acid fermentation, it is converted into lactic acid. This process allows cells to maintain energy production under anaerobic conditions.

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