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The (n + l) rule, also known as the Aufbau principle, is a guideline used to determine the order of electron filling in atomic orbitals. It states that electrons occupy orbitals in order of increasing values of the sum of the principal quantum number (n) and the azimuthal quantum number (l). For example, the 3s orbital (n=3, l=0) has a value of 3, while the 4s orbital (n=4, l=0) has a value of 4, so the 3s fills before the 4s. Similarly, the 3p orbital (n=3, l=1) has a value of 4, making it fill after the 4s but before the 3d orbital (n=3, l=2), which has a value of 5.

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