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How is Z enzyme important for photosynthesis?
It decomposes H2O into H+ molecules and O2. The oxygen is useful for every breathing organism. The H+ are then used to reduce NADP to NAPDH, necessary for glucose synthesis later on in the processes. The Z enzyme also transfers electrons to an electron acceptor.
What produces NAPDH compared to the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants?
NADPH is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. These reactions involve the absorption of light energy, which is used to drive the electron transport chain and ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH. The Calvin cycle, which takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast, utilizes NADPH produced in the light reactions to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
Where energy used in the Calvin cycle for the production of sugar molecules comes from?
The energy used in the Calvin cycle for the production of sugar molecules comes from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), which are produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These high-energy molecules provide the necessary energy and reducing power to drive the chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide into sugar molecules like glucose.
What do plant cells use chlorophyll for?
Plants cells use it for is because this green substances that allows the plants to trap light so they can make food Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis. The function of the vast majority of chlorophyll is to absorb light and transfer that light energy to the reaction center of photosynthesis.
What does Calvin cycle use to to produce high energy sugars?
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NAPDH from light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars.
How is Z enzyme important for photosynthesis?
It decomposes H2O into H+ molecules and O2. The oxygen is useful for every breathing organism. The H+ are then used to reduce NADP to NAPDH, necessary for glucose synthesis later on in the processes. The Z enzyme also transfers electrons to an electron acceptor.
What produces NAPDH compared to the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants?
NADPH is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. These reactions involve the absorption of light energy, which is used to drive the electron transport chain and ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH. The Calvin cycle, which takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast, utilizes NADPH produced in the light reactions to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
Where energy used in the Calvin cycle for the production of sugar molecules comes from?
The energy used in the Calvin cycle for the production of sugar molecules comes from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), which are produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These high-energy molecules provide the necessary energy and reducing power to drive the chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide into sugar molecules like glucose.
What do plant cells use chlorophyll for?
Plants cells use it for is because this green substances that allows the plants to trap light so they can make food Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis. The function of the vast majority of chlorophyll is to absorb light and transfer that light energy to the reaction center of photosynthesis.
Is glycolysis part photosynthesis?
Glucose is the main basic energy storage molecule. It is also the basis for many other compounds, like the cell wall, and starch that is made during photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis doesn't require glucose. Photosynthesis is the process of plants converting carbon dioxide from the air and water to usable energy (in the form of glucose), with oxygen as a waste product. The word equation for it is as follows: carbon dioxide + water -------------------------------------------> glucose + oxygen chlorophyll sunlight (6CO2+6H2O+light energy=C6H12O6+6O2) The words chlorophyll and sunlight are written underneath the equation because they are the conditions that are required for photosynthesis to take place. Energy is provided by the sun, and chlorophyll is the green chemical within the leaf where photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis takes place at its fastest during warm, sunny days when there is plenty of sunlight, presuming the soil is moist. Photosynthesis does not occur at night when there is no sunlight.
What are the two steps in the electron transport chain producing NAPDH.?
complex I (NADH dehydrogenase, also called NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.5.3) removes two electrons from NADH and transfers them to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (Q). The reduced product, ubiquinol (QH2) is free to diffuse within the membrane. At the same time, Complex I moves four protons (H+) across the membrane, producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one of main sites of production of a harmful free radical called superoxide.The pathway of electrons occurs as follows:NADH is oxidized to NAD+, reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 in one two-electron step. The next electron carrier is a Fe-S cluster, which can only accept one electron at a time to reduce the ferric ion into a ferrous ion. In a convenient manner, FMNH2 can be oxidized in only two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. The electron thus travels from the FMNH2 to the Fe-S cluster, then from the Fe-S cluster to the oxidized Q to give the free-radical (semiquinone) form of Q. This happens again to reduce the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This creates a proton gradient that will be later used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; EC 1.3.5.1) is not a proton pump. It serves to funnel additional electrons into the quinone pool (Q) by removing electrons from succinate and transferring them (via FAD) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: SDHA,SDHB,SDHC, and SDHD. Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also funnel electrons into Q (via FAD), again without producing a proton gradient.Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex; EC 1.10.2.2) removes in a stepwise fashion two electrons from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transfers them to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons are sequentially passed across the protein to the Qi site where quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed because it takes 2 quinol (4H+4e-) oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinol (2H+2e-) at the Qi site. (in total 6 protons: 2 protons reduce quinone to quinol and 4 protons are released from 2 ubiquinol). The bc1 complex does NOT 'pump' protons, it helps build the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons.When electron transfer is hindered (by a high membrane potential, point mutations or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to oxygen resulting in the formation of superoxide, a highly-toxic species, which is thought to contribute to the pathology of a number of diseases, including aging.Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1) removes four electrons from four molecules of cytochrome c and transfers them to molecular oxygen (O2), producing two molecules of water (H2O). At the same time, it moves four protons across the membrane, producing a proton gradient.
