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The heart is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nerves, primarily from the thoracic spinal cord, increase heart rate and force of contraction, while the parasympathetic nerves, mainly from the vagus nerve, slow the heart rate. This dual innervation allows the heart to respond to varying physiological demands, such as during exercise or rest. Additionally, intrinsic cardiac ganglia within the heart itself contribute to its autonomic regulation.

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