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What is the primary use for Bastnaesite a Rare EARTH other than crystal formed Gemstones?
Bastnaesite is a mineral composed of 75% rare earth oxide minerals. The rare earth minerals often make up the following proportions of Bastaenite z Cerium 50.0% z Lanthanum 34.0% z Neodymium 11.0% z Praseodymium 4.0% z Samarium 0.5% z Gadolinium 0.2% z Europium 0.1% z Others 0.2% USES z Cerium used in ultraviolet absorbing glass and lighter flints. z Lanthanum, samarium and gadolinium used for infrared absorption in glass, improving the refractive index of glass and microwave oven temperature controls.z Neodymium used to absorb ultraviolet light and with cerium to decolor glass.z Praseodymium used as a coloring agent in glass when the index of refraction must not change.z Europium used extensively for the red phosphor in television tubes.
What is erbium hydroxide?
pure erbium metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic lustre. As with other rare-earth metals, its properties depend to a certain extent on impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidise as rapidly as some of the other rare-earth metals. erbium metal is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory, which is just as well as it is difficult to isolate as the pure metal. This is largely because of the way it is found in nature. The lanthanoids are found in nature in a number of minerals. The most important are xenotime, monazite, and bastnaesite. The first two are orthophosphate minerals LnPO4 (Ln deonotes a mixture of all the lanthanoids except promethium which is vanishingly rare) and the third is a fluoride carbonate LnCO3F. Lanthanoids with even atomic numbers are more common. The most comon lanthanoids in these minerals are, in order, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium. Monazite also contains thorium and ytrrium which makes handling difficult since thorium and its decomposition products are radioactive. For many purposes it is not particularly necessary to separate the metals, but if separation into individual metals is required, the process is complex. Initially, the metals are extracted as salts from the ores by extraction with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Modern purification techniques for these lanthanoid salt mixtures are ingenious and involve selective complexation techniques, solvent extractions, and ion exchange chromatography. Pure erbium is available through the reduction of ErF3 with calcium metal. 2ErF3 + 3Ca → 2Er + 3CaF2 This would work for the other calcium halides as well but the product CaF2 is easier to handle under the reaction conditions (heat to 50°C above the melting point of the element in an argon atmosphere). Excess calcium is removed from the reaction mixture under vacuum.
What is the Rare silvery white metallic element occurring in monazite and bastnaesite?
This element is called neodymium. It is a rare earth element that is often found in minerals such as monazite and bastnaesite. Neodymium is commonly used in the production of powerful magnets for various applications including electric vehicle motors and wind turbines.
What metals start with the letter b?
balas ruby barite barytes bastnaesite bauxite beldellite bentonite beryl biotite Bismite Bismuth Black Jack blende Bloodstone Blue vitriol boehmite boracite borax bornite boulangerite bournonite brannerite braunite bravoite brochantite bromyrite bronzite brookite brucite bytownite
What is the primary use for Bastnaesite a Rare EARTH other than crystal formed Gemstones?
Bastnaesite is a mineral composed of 75% rare earth oxide minerals. The rare earth minerals often make up the following proportions of Bastaenite z Cerium 50.0% z Lanthanum 34.0% z Neodymium 11.0% z Praseodymium 4.0% z Samarium 0.5% z Gadolinium 0.2% z Europium 0.1% z Others 0.2% USES z Cerium used in ultraviolet absorbing glass and lighter flints. z Lanthanum, samarium and gadolinium used for infrared absorption in glass, improving the refractive index of glass and microwave oven temperature controls.z Neodymium used to absorb ultraviolet light and with cerium to decolor glass.z Praseodymium used as a coloring agent in glass when the index of refraction must not change.z Europium used extensively for the red phosphor in television tubes.
What is the Importance of mining?
Miningis an important industry inPakistan. Pakistan has deposits of several minerals including coal, copper, gold, chromite, mineral salt, bauxite and several other minerals. There are also a variety of precious and semi-precious minerals that are also mined. These include peridot, aquamarine, topaz, ruby, emerald, rare-earth minerals bastnaesite and xenotime, sphene, tourmaline, and many varieties and types of quartz.
Where do you find gadolinium?
Gadolinium can be found in small amounts in minerals like monazite, gadolinite and bastnaesite. Although called rare earth metals they are not rare in terms of occurrence but rather the elements they contain are extremely difficult to separate from one another. After the Finnish scientist Johan Gadolin first saw rocks that contained this element, it took scientists nearly a century to isolate the various elements, including gadolinium, contained in them Gadolinite can be found in various places throughout the world including Norway, Sweden, Canada, China, Russia, Austria, the U.S., among other nations. Jenae
What is erbium hydroxide?
pure erbium metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic lustre. As with other rare-earth metals, its properties depend to a certain extent on impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidise as rapidly as some of the other rare-earth metals. erbium metal is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory, which is just as well as it is difficult to isolate as the pure metal. This is largely because of the way it is found in nature. The lanthanoids are found in nature in a number of minerals. The most important are xenotime, monazite, and bastnaesite. The first two are orthophosphate minerals LnPO4 (Ln deonotes a mixture of all the lanthanoids except promethium which is vanishingly rare) and the third is a fluoride carbonate LnCO3F. Lanthanoids with even atomic numbers are more common. The most comon lanthanoids in these minerals are, in order, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium. Monazite also contains thorium and ytrrium which makes handling difficult since thorium and its decomposition products are radioactive. For many purposes it is not particularly necessary to separate the metals, but if separation into individual metals is required, the process is complex. Initially, the metals are extracted as salts from the ores by extraction with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Modern purification techniques for these lanthanoid salt mixtures are ingenious and involve selective complexation techniques, solvent extractions, and ion exchange chromatography. Pure erbium is available through the reduction of ErF3 with calcium metal. 2ErF3 + 3Ca → 2Er + 3CaF2 This would work for the other calcium halides as well but the product CaF2 is easier to handle under the reaction conditions (heat to 50°C above the melting point of the element in an argon atmosphere). Excess calcium is removed from the reaction mixture under vacuum.
