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A cell line usually refers to an immortal culture of cells derived from a specific tussue. Immortal means that they do not die after a certain number of divisions, like 'normal' cells would. Still, there are finite- and continous cell lines. These cells can be of human origin (e.g. MCF7 cells), simian (COS), rodent (CHO cells), and many more. They are derived from many different tissues, like epithelial and neuronal, and can find their origins in organs such as kidneys, ovaria, etc. Researchers keep cell lines in a media that contains nutrients like sugars, proteins and anti biotics and they are usually kept at a temperature of 37o C in an atmosphere of humidified air with 5% CO2. Typical cell lines such as aforementioned cover a petri dish (92 mm across) from a density of 5% to 100% in three to four days under optimal conditions. Cell lines often replace laboratory animals and can be used for a number of different kinds of research.

Examples: yeast cells are in use to produce human recombinant insulin for example, so that diabetics don't have to rely on bovine insuline as that was the only available insuline for years. E.coli DH5a cells are frequently used to amplify amounts of DNA because of their rapid rate of cell division and low requirements to the environment they are kept and grown in. Mammalian cell lines can be used for anything from hosting and producing amounts of viral vectors for research, to characterisation of induction of gene expression by free radicals for instance. Cell lines are also frequently transfected with foreign DNA in order to investigate function of genes and their proteins.

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