How can you produce amorphous drug particles?
There are many possibilities to create amorphous drug particles.
Precipitation from an organic or aqueous solution is the most
frequently used route. However, the precipitation has to be fast
enough to avoid conversion into thermodynamically more stable
crystalline states. Liquid antisolvent techniques, spray drying or
supercritical fluid techniques can be used to generate amorphous
solid drug particles. However, for a large number of drugs the
amorphous state is highly unstable and usually precipitation is
performed together with a polymer. The polymer is usually amorphous
and acts as a matrix preventing the recrystallization of the drug.
The choice of polymer depends if a fast, or immediate release or a
slow, controlled release form is desired. However, the polymer
choice can limit the applicability of certain production techniques
due to its solubilty profile in solvents, its potential
immiscibility with the drug and or the solvent. Only if all these
parameters are considered can a physically stable amorphous form be
created successfully. Additionally it should be noted that
amorphous drug particles tend to show increased chemical
degradation with time in comparison to crystalline forms. It is a
separate challenge to also ensure chemical stability of an
amorphous drug through addition of suitable excipients. However, as
in the case of the polymer addition the necessary excipients might
further limit the choice of available processes.