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A group is a vertical column on the Periodic Table. There are a total of 18 groups. They tell you how many electrons beyond an even eight that the elements have. For example, in group 1, each element has one more electron than an octet (9, 17, 25, etc).

However, be careful! The transition metals (columns 4 through 12) do not follow this rule. The rule picks up again at group 13. Therefore, group 1: 1 extra electron, group 2: 2 extra electrons, group 13: 3 extra electrons, group 14: 4 extra electrons, etc.

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