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The interstellar medium is an extremely sparse (tenuous) mix of gas and dust, some of the gas being ionized, some atomic, and some molecular. By composition the gas is largely hydrogen, with smaller amounts of helium and very small amounts of heavier elements. There are also cosmic rays which are protons and nuclei which have been accelerated to near-relativistic speeds.

In cooler, high-density areas, the interstellar medium can become as dense as one ten-billionth that of air.

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