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Natural selection is the non-random differential reproductive success of variant traits. The process has no components per sé. It does, however, rely on a few key conditions, assumed to be present in all life. The assumptions it rests upon are:

- That life reproduces with variation in inherited traits.

- That a population always produces slightly more offspring than can comfortably subsist in its niche.

- That offspring therefore, directly or indirectly, compete for resources and mating opportunities.

- That differences in inherited traits affect the average number of fertile offspring raised by individuals.

- That traits that allow their bearers to raise a higher average number of fertile offspring spread throughout the population faster than rival traits.

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