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RNA editing is when an RNA molecule is changed (edited) through a chemical change in the base make up. There are various types of RNA editing - namely insertions/deletions and switching bases like Cytidine to Uridine or Adenosine to Inosine (properly known as deamination).
RNA editing has been observed in tRNA, rRNA and mRNA (interestingly enough all of them have to do with protein synthesis) of eukaryotes (in the cell nucleus, cytosol, mitochondrion, and chloroplast) but not in prokaryotes - which is interesting because both the mitochondrion and chloroplast are believed to be descended from prokaryotes.
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Is the following true or false rna editing occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell?
This is True! RNA editing is different than pre-mRNA processing, which takes place in the nucleus: Processing includes the removal of the introns (splicing), cleavage at the poly A site, and poly-adenylation. Then RNA translation is effected at the Cytoplasmic Ribosomes.RNA editing, which is different, has been shown to occur in the cytosol, the nucleus, and inside the mitochondria.
What happens to introns and exons during RNA editing?
No. The process which eliminatesintrons is called 'splicing'. This process is mediated by the protein complex called a spliceosome and probably occurs simultaneously with RNA editing. RNA editing is the addition, removal or substitution of bases in an RNA molecule after it has been synthesised, and critically can occur in organisms which lack introns. There are 3 main types of RNA editing: 1, Addition or removal of Uracil residues. Seen in the primary transcripts in trypanosome mitochondria (does not appear in multicellular organisms). 2, Cytosine -> Uracil Editing. Seen in mRNAs in some animals and plant mitochondria. 3, Adenosine -> Inosine. Seen in animal mRNAs. (Inosine is a very rare base which you get from the deamination of adenosine)
What is the life span of RNA?
RNA does not have a fixed lifespan, as it varies depending on the type of RNA and the cellular environment. Some RNA molecules, like messenger RNA (mRNA), are short-lived and are rapidly degraded after they have served their purpose in protein synthesis. Other types of RNA, such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), are more stable and can persist for longer periods.
Unlike DNA polymerase RNA polymerase do not have proofreading activity why is this not determinental to cell?
RNA polymerases do not require proofreading activity because the consequences of errors are less severe for RNA than for DNA. Additionally, cells can correct mistakes in RNA transcripts through mechanisms such as RNA editing and degradation of faulty transcripts. This allows the cell to maintain the integrity of its genetic information despite the lack of proofreading activity in RNA polymerases.
What components of RNA is different from one individual to next?
Variations in RNA sequences between individuals can arise from genetic differences, resulting in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or differences in gene expression levels. Additionally, modifications such as RNA editing, alternative splicing, and post-transcriptional modifications can lead to diversity in RNA molecules among individuals. Environmental factors can also influence RNA composition through epigenetic modifications that can vary between individuals.
Is the following true or false rna editing occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell?
This is True! RNA editing is different than pre-mRNA processing, which takes place in the nucleus: Processing includes the removal of the introns (splicing), cleavage at the poly A site, and poly-adenylation. Then RNA translation is effected at the Cytoplasmic Ribosomes.RNA editing, which is different, has been shown to occur in the cytosol, the nucleus, and inside the mitochondria.
What are the differences between sgRNA and crRNA in CRISPR technology and how do they impact gene editing efficiency?
sgRNA (single guide RNA) is a synthetic RNA molecule that combines the functions of both the crRNA (CRISPR RNA) and tracrRNA (trans-activating CRISPR RNA) in CRISPR technology. sgRNA simplifies the gene editing process by serving as a single molecule that guides the Cas9 enzyme to the target DNA sequence for editing. On the other hand, crRNA is a natural RNA molecule that specifically recognizes the target DNA sequence for editing. The use of sgRNA can improve gene editing efficiency by streamlining the process and reducing the risk of errors compared to using separate crRNA and tracrRNA molecules.
What describes the main purpose of RNA polymerase during transcription.?
It synthesizes RNA.
What happens to introns and exons during RNA editing?
No. The process which eliminatesintrons is called 'splicing'. This process is mediated by the protein complex called a spliceosome and probably occurs simultaneously with RNA editing. RNA editing is the addition, removal or substitution of bases in an RNA molecule after it has been synthesised, and critically can occur in organisms which lack introns. There are 3 main types of RNA editing: 1, Addition or removal of Uracil residues. Seen in the primary transcripts in trypanosome mitochondria (does not appear in multicellular organisms). 2, Cytosine -> Uracil Editing. Seen in mRNAs in some animals and plant mitochondria. 3, Adenosine -> Inosine. Seen in animal mRNAs. (Inosine is a very rare base which you get from the deamination of adenosine)
How can one effectively design CRISPR guide RNA for targeted genome editing?
To effectively design CRISPR guide RNA for targeted genome editing, one must identify the specific DNA sequence to be edited, ensure the guide RNA is complementary to the target sequence, and optimize the design for efficiency and specificity. Additionally, considering off-target effects and using bioinformatics tools can help improve the accuracy of the editing process.
What is the purpose of a nucleic acid?
To make RNA
What is the purpose of graphic editing programs?
to edit graphics
Which describes the main main purpose of RNA polymerase during transcription?
RNA polymerase produce mRNA from DNA
Where does Cas9 cut in the genome during the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing process?
Cas9 cuts the genome at specific locations determined by the guide RNA during the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing process.
How can one effectively design a Cas9 guide RNA for precise genome editing?
To effectively design a Cas9 guide RNA for precise genome editing, one must carefully select a target sequence within the genome that is specific and unique. This target sequence should be located near the region of interest for editing. Additionally, the guide RNA should be designed to have a high binding affinity to the target sequence to ensure accurate and efficient editing by the Cas9 enzyme. It is also important to consider potential off-target effects and minimize the risk of unintended edits by using bioinformatics tools to predict and avoid off-target sites.
What is the life span of RNA?
RNA does not have a fixed lifespan, as it varies depending on the type of RNA and the cellular environment. Some RNA molecules, like messenger RNA (mRNA), are short-lived and are rapidly degraded after they have served their purpose in protein synthesis. Other types of RNA, such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), are more stable and can persist for longer periods.
Unlike DNA polymerase RNA polymerase do not have proofreading activity why is this not determinental to cell?
RNA polymerases do not require proofreading activity because the consequences of errors are less severe for RNA than for DNA. Additionally, cells can correct mistakes in RNA transcripts through mechanisms such as RNA editing and degradation of faulty transcripts. This allows the cell to maintain the integrity of its genetic information despite the lack of proofreading activity in RNA polymerases.
