Plastic deformation in metamorphic rock primarily alters the rock's texture and structure. It affects the alignment of mineral grains, leading to foliation or lineation, which can enhance the rock's strength and change its overall appearance. This process occurs under high temperature and pressure conditions, allowing minerals to recrystallize and reorganize without breaking. Consequently, plastic deformation significantly influences the physical characteristics and properties of the metamorphic rock.
This process leads to the rocks becoming deformed, fractured, and metamorphosed due to the increased pressure and temperature. This can result in the formation of new minerals, changes in rock texture, and the development of foliation or lineation within the rock.
Metamorphic rock structures are formed when rocks are subjected to high pressure and temperature, often due to tectonic forces that cause deformation. Deformation can cause rocks to recrystallize, rearrange mineral structures, and develop foliation or lineation in metamorphic rocks. Therefore, the type and intensity of deformation can significantly influence the texture and structure of metamorphic rocks.
During metamorphism, pre-existing rocks, known as protoliths, undergo changes in mineralogy and composition due to increased temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids. These conditions promote recrystallization, where minerals may rearrange or transform into more stable forms, and new minerals may form from the chemical reactions between existing minerals and fluids. Additionally, the alignment of minerals can occur, resulting in foliation or lineation, which reflects the directional pressures experienced by the rock. Ultimately, these processes lead to the formation of metamorphic rocks with distinct characteristics compared to their protoliths.
The rock formed from molten rock is called igneous rock. It is formed when magma cools and solidifies either underground as intrusive rock or on the Earth's surface as extrusive rock.
A metamorphic rock formed where rocks have been heated but not deformed is called a contact metamorphic rock. This type of rock forms when existing rocks are altered by the heat from nearby magma without experiencing significant pressure or deformation. Examples include hornfels and marble.
This process leads to the rocks becoming deformed, fractured, and metamorphosed due to the increased pressure and temperature. This can result in the formation of new minerals, changes in rock texture, and the development of foliation or lineation within the rock.
The metamorphic rock you are referring to is called foliated rock. Foliated rocks have mineral crystals aligned in parallel layers or bands, resulting from the re-alignment of minerals due to pressure and heat during metamorphism. Examples of foliated rocks include slate, schist, and gneiss.
Metamorphic rock structures are formed when rocks are subjected to high pressure and temperature, often due to tectonic forces that cause deformation. Deformation can cause rocks to recrystallize, rearrange mineral structures, and develop foliation or lineation in metamorphic rocks. Therefore, the type and intensity of deformation can significantly influence the texture and structure of metamorphic rocks.
Both foliation and lineations features of deformation in rocks. Lineations however are indicatives of the presence of foliation but lineation is a planar stucture measured in therms of dip and strike, meanwhile lieations are measured in terms of plunge and direction. The dip is the angle a foliation makes with the horizontal, it is a measure of the inclination of the foliation. Strike however measured right angled to the dip, it is a measure of the general trend of the surface fo the foliation (season why leation cannot be measured in terms of strike, because it is simply a lineation and thus has no surface trend). The plunge also is the angle a lineation makes with the horizontal. It is similar to dip in that it also a measure of inclination but different but unlike dip it tells us nothing about the direction of the lineation. This is why direction comes as a supplementary measure of lineation. vjacq@yahoo.com I think there is some stuff mixed up in the above answer. Foliations are planes, Lineations are lines. Foliations have Strike and Dip Lineations have Trend and Plunge Foliations form as a result of compression or shearing and form perpendicular to resulting compression (planes will be closer to the direction of extension - imagine squeezing a ball of soft material and see which way it stretches). Some of the most common foliations are in folds, at the axial hinge of a fold, the foliation tends to be the same as the axial plane, but moving away from the centre of the fold the foliations tend to lay away from the plane - this depends on competency of rock holding the folds. In the field it can be easy to confuse bedding planes with foliations - you may have to question what it is that distinguishes the layers to decide if it's a bed or foliation. Often a foliation plane has no distinguishing features between layers (until it starts developing schistosity and banding) There are many types of lineations: Striations, stretching lineations, intersection linetions. In the field they are a line on a rock, not a plane. Stretching lineations (usually what you are looking for) are basically the result of a crystal (or set of crystals) being stretched in a ductile environment (so basically you've got a blob of material that's been stretched out) Intersection Lineations: The line that is produced where bedding planes (sedimentary material) intersect with foliation planes. At the axial hinge of fold the foliations and beds are usually perpendicular (90 degrees) to each other. Striations: Usually a brittle feature, is basically scratch marks of one rock moving on another, can be formed by glaciers or sometimes in faults. Displays a sense of movement.
Dennis Howson Waddington has written: 'Foliation and mineral lineation in the Moon River synform, Grenville structural province, Ontario'
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