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What is synaptic varicosity referring to how synaptic varicosity changes in sensitisation of Aplysia?
Wiki User
∙ 16y ago
I believe varicosity in the context of your question refers to the enlarged and tortuous vein, artery, or lymphatic vessel in the area of the synapse. Therefore in the aplysia synaptic junctions between the sensory and motor neurons experience long term facilition in response to 5-HT and long term depression in response to RMRFamide. Research has shown macromolecules synthesis is needed for expression of the long lasting structural changes in the sensory cells and that this synthesis is porportional with long term functional modulation of sensorimotor synapses.
Wiki User
∙ 16y ago
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What is an aplysia?
Aplysia is a genus of sea slugs, commonly known as sea hares. They are marine mollusks with soft bodies and are often found in shallow waters. Aplysia are known for their distinctive large size and unique appearance.
What is the scientific name of the California sea hare?
Aplysia californica
What is the scientific name for the California sea hare?
Aplysia californica
How does the california sea hare breathe?
The California Sea Hare, or Aplysia californica has gills inside its body. This is how it extracts oxygen from the water.
What has the author Mario Vinicio Huerta written?
Mario Vinicio Huerta has written: 'An internship with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts' -- subject(s): Aplysia californica, Marine algae culture, Microbial polysaccharides, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
What has the author Dennis Frost written?
Dennis Frost has written: 'Painting Portraits in Pastel' 'Capturing personality in pastel' -- subject(s): Pastel drawing, Portrait drawing, Technique 'Painting Portraits in Oil' 'Skills for life' -- subject(s): Occupational training, Vocational education
What eats the California sea hare?
There are very few predators of Aplysia californica. Spiny lobster, sea anemones, and sea stars have been observed eating dead ones, but while they are alive they have a very effective defense, including a noxious ink and mucous that makes would- be- predators look for a better tasting meal.
What is an example of gastropoda?
examples: 1. Pila (Apple snail) 2. Aplysia (Sea-hare) 3. Doris (Sea-lemon) 4. Turbinella (Shank) 5. Cyprea (Cowrie) 6. Limax (Slug) 7. Patella (limpet) 8. Fissurella 9. Planorbis (Garden-snail) 10. Xancus 11. Turbo
What has the author Eric R Kandel written?
Eric R Kandel is a Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist known for his work on the molecular mechanisms of memory storage in neurons. He has authored several books, including "In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind" and "The Disordered Mind: What Unusual Brains Tell Us About Ourselves."
What are the names of the shells?
some common mulloscs are under the following classes: Gastropoda (slugs and snails, ex. European black slug: Arion ater, Giant African Land snail: Achatina fulicula, North American sea hare: Aplysia punctata), Bivalvia (oysters and claims, ex. giant clam: Tridacna gigas, mussels: (ex) Mytilus edulis, Atlantic Saddle Oyster: Anomia ephippium), Polyplacophora (Chitons, ex. North Atlantic chiton: Tonicella Marmorea), and Cephalopoda (otopuses, squid, cuttlefish, nautiluses, ex. Pacific squid: Loligo opalescens, Blue-Ringed Octopus: Hapalochlaena lunulata, Pearly Nautilus: Nautilus pompilius). The lesser known classes of molluscs are Aplacophora, Monoplacophora, and Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
What is simple behavior?
Habituation Habituation is a reduction in a previously-displayed response when no reward or punishment follows. If you make an unusual sound in the presence of the family dog, it will respond - usually by turning its head toward the sound. If the stimulus is given repeatedly and nothing either pleasant or unpleasant happens to the dog, it will soon cease to respond. This lack of response is not a result of fatigue nor of sensory adaptation and is long-lasting; when fully habituated, the dog will not respond to the stimulus even though weeks or months have elapsed since it was last presented. Sensitization Sensitization is an increase in the response to an innocuous stimulus when that stimulus occurs after a punishing stimulus. An example: When the siphon of the sea slug Aplysia is gently touched, the animal withdraws its gill for a brief period. However, if preceded by an electrical shock to its tail, the same gentle touch to the siphon will elicit a longer period of withdrawal. The sensitization response to a single shock (blue bar) dies out after about an hour, and returns to baseline after a day (yellow). So it is an example of short-term memory. However, it the animal is sensitized with multiple shocks given over several days, its subsequent response to a gentle touch on the siphon is much larger and is retained longer (tan and gray bars). This is an example of long-term memory and requires protein synthesis. (These findings are the work of Eric R. Kandel, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2000.) For more on sensitization in Aplysia, including the neuronal circuits involved and the mechanism of both the short-term and long-term response, follow this LINK. Imprinting If newly-hatched geese are exposed to a moving object of reasonable size and emitting reasonable sounds, they will begin to follow it just as they would normally follow their mother. This is called imprinting. The time of exposure is quite critical. A few days after hatching, imprinting no longer occurs. Prior to this time, though, the results can be quite remarkable. A gosling imprinted to a moving box or clucking person will try to follow this object for the rest of its life. In fact, when the gosling reaches sexual maturity, it will make the imprinted object - rather than a member of its own species - the goal of its sexual drive. Much of our knowledge of imprinting was learned from the research of Konrad Lorenz, shown here with some of his imprinted goslings. Lorenz shared a Nobel Prize in 1973 for his discoveries. (Photo by Tom McAvoy; courtesy of LIFE Magazine, ©1955, Time, Inc.) Male mice become imprinted with the odor of littermates during the first three weeks of life. When they reach sexual maturity, they avoid mating with close relatives. The odor is controlled by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The Conditioned Response (CR) The conditioned response is probably the simplest form of learned behavior. It is a response that - as a result of experience - comes to be caused by a stimulus different from the one that originally triggered it. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov found that placing meat powder in a dog's mouth would cause it to salivate. The meat powder, an unconditioned stimulus (US), triggers a simple inborn reflex involving taste receptors, sensory neurons, networks of interneurons in the brain, and autonomic motor neurons running to the salivary glands - producing an unconditioned response (UR). Pavlov found that if he rang a bell every time he put the meat powder in the dog's mouth, the dog eventually salivated upon hearing the bell alone. This is the conditioned response (CR). The dog has learned to respond to a substitute stimulus, the conditioned stimulus (CS). We assume that the physiological basis of the conditioned response is the transfer, by appropriate neurons, of nervous activity in the auditory areas of the brain to the motor neurons controlling salivation. This involves the development and/or strengthening of neural circuits, which - we may also assume - is characteristic of all forms of learning.The conditioned response has proved to be an excellent tool for determining the sensory capabilities of other animals. For example, honeybees can be conditioned to seek food on a piece of blue cardboard [View]. By offering other colors to a blue-conditioned bee, Karl von Frisch (who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize with Lorenz) found that honeybees can discriminate between yellow-green, blue-green, blue-violet, and ultraviolet. Instrumental Conditioning Pavlov's dogs were restrained and the response being conditioned (salivation) was innate. But the principles of conditioning can also be used to train animals to perform tasks that are not innate. In these cases, the animal is placed in a setting where it can move about and engage in different activities. The experimenter chooses to reward only one, e.g., turning to the left. By first rewarding (e.g., with a pellet of food) even the slightest movement to the left and then only more complete turns, a skilled experimenter can - in about 2 minutes - train a naive pigeon to make a complete turn. A little more work and the pigeon will pace out a figure eight. In the example shown here, the pigeon - presented with two spots of light - pecks at the brighter and reaches down to pick up the grain of food that is its reward. (Photos courtesy of Roy DeCarava andScientific American.) Such training is known as instrumental conditioning or operant conditioning. The latter term was coined by B. F. Skinner, whose skill with the technique enabled him to train pigeons to play ping-pong and even a toy piano! It is also called trial-and-error learning because the animal is free to try various responses before finding the one that is rewarded. Maze problems are a form of instrumental conditioning in which the animal is faced with a sequence of alternatives. In this photo (Courtesy of B. Rensch), Julia, a chimpanzee, uses a magnet to move an iron ring through a maze. Julia is able to solve mazes like this on her first attempt most (86%) of the time and sometimes faster than biology students can! Concepts Although most animals solve mazes and other problems by trial and error, Julia (and biology students) usually make only one or two random attempts at solving a problem and then, all of a sudden, "get it". They have made an abstract generalization about the specific problem; that is, have formed a concept. Oddity problems are an example. This young rhesus monkey has learned that food will be found - not under any particular object - but under whichever object is different from the others. (Photo courtesy of H. F. Harlow, University of Wisconsin Primate Laboratory.) In monkeys (and probably humans as well), concept formation depends on activity in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Recent research suggests that honeybees can also solve simple oddity problems!
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