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This organelle is the mitochondrion.

It has two membranes, the outer resembling a eukaryotic one and the inner more like a prokaryotic membrane. This is one piece of evidence supporting the theory that mitochondria, like chloroplasts, originated when free-living prokaryotes were engulfed by eukaryotes.

Cellular respiration commences with glycolysis in the cytoplasm; this is anaerobic.

In the presence of oxygen, the product of glycolysis, pyruvate, diffuses into the mitochondrion, where it is oxidized through a series of reactions to carbon dioxide and water.

Glycolysis yields a gain of two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose, but aerobic respiration in the mitochondrion yields more than ten times as many. The number of ATP molecules produced in the mitochondrion varies, as some of the energy released may be used for other purposes, but it is probably often around 28 or 30 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

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