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The primary difference between steel quenched in water and in oil lies in the cooling rate and resulting microstructure. Water provides a much faster cooling rate than oil, which can lead to higher internal stresses and a greater risk of cracking or warping in the steel. Quenching in oil, while still rapid, offers a more controlled cooling process, resulting in a more uniform microstructure and improved toughness. Consequently, steel quenched in oil is often preferred for applications requiring greater durability and resilience.

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