The formulaic method of representing the expansion of the universe is called the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric. This cosmological model describes a homogeneous and isotropic universe, allowing for the calculation of the universe's expansion over time. It is derived from Einstein's general theory of relativity and incorporates the influence of matter, radiation, and dark energy on the universe's dynamics. The FLRW metric is foundational in cosmology for understanding the large-scale structure and evolution of the universe.
The current state of affairs with regard to the expansion of the universe point to dark energy as the cause of the expansion of the universe. It is not a force though.
Something called "dark energy" which provides almost 70% of the total energy in the observable universe and is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate (instead of decelerate as expected in the basic big bang model of the universe).
Such an idea can hardly be called a "hypothesis" any more; it is now quite certain that it IS expanding, and that the expansion gets faster and faster. Probably something like "accelerated expansion rate".
I am not quite sure there is anything officially called "Eternal Universe" by astronomers. If you mean that it continues expanding eternally, this currently seems to be the most likely scenario, since the Universe is not only expanding, but the expansion is speeding up (it expands faster now than in the past), and there is no particular reason to believe that the expansion will slow down.
The Big Bang Theory holds that our present Universe was, about thirteen billion years ago, in an extremely more dense state and has been expanding from that ever since. A sub-set of that theory is that our Universe has gone through an infinite series of expansions: each of which lead to a gravitationally induced end to the expansion, then a collapse of the Universe into a state of extreme density, and then another expansion. This is called the "Oscillating Universe" Hypothesis The latest observations make the latter idea very unlikely, as our present Universe will almost certainly never cease its expansion. Either we are in the first oscillation of the Universe that failed to stop its expansion, or there were no oscillations prior to this one at all. Unless later observations show that our present conclusions are wrong, there will no oscillations after this Universe. It is difficult to imagine how we could ever determine if our Universe was the first oscillation that failed to end its expansion or if there were simply no oscillations prior to this expansion at all.
The current state of affairs with regard to the expansion of the universe point to dark energy as the cause of the expansion of the universe. It is not a force though.
Steady state universe. Like they used to think it was.
The acceleration of the universe's expansion is believed to be caused by a mysterious force called dark energy. This force is thought to counteract the gravitational pull of matter, causing the universe to expand at an increasing rate.
Something called "dark energy" which provides almost 70% of the total energy in the observable universe and is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate (instead of decelerate as expected in the basic big bang model of the universe).
It was believed for quite a while that gravity would slow the expansion of the Universe down. But it is now known that the Universe is expanding faster and faster (apparently it tends towards an exponential growth), so there must be something else, that is pushing the Universe apart, more strongly than gravity can it together. This "something" is called "dark energy".
The big bang theory which is a theory of cosmology holding that the expansion of the universe began with a gigantic explosion between 12 and 20 billion years ago
The raisin bun theory is a model of the universe's structure that suggests galaxies are like raisins embedded in a rising dough, representing space itself. As the dough expands, the raisins move away from each other, illustrating how galaxies are receding as the universe expands. It is called the "raisin bun theory" because the analogy of a bun filled with raisins effectively visualizes the distribution of galaxies in an expanding universe. This model helps to explain the observed redshift of distant galaxies as evidence of cosmic expansion.
The Universe is not expanding. The Universe is in equilibrium. The idea that the Universe is expanding results from a mis-interpretation of Hubble's redshift measures and the Biblical Creation Story. Einstein observed that the universe was not contracting under gravity and added a cosmological constant to "account" for the lack of contraction. This cosmological constant is an anti-gravity feature that adds expansion. mathematicians claimed that Einstein's Equations only allowed for expansion or contraction. When the redshift was discovered the deal was sealed. Hubble did not interpret the redshift as an expansion, he called it "an hither to unknown principle of nature". Hubble was correct and the current view of expansion is wrong. There is a herd mentality in physics like in Stock Market Bubbles. The Big Bang is a Bubble, there is no expansion.
The universe is expanding faster than it would be, if the only source of energy for that expansion derived from the big bang. In face, recent astronomical observations have shown that the rate of expansion of the universe is increasing, which indicates that there is some force still at work, pushing on galaxies and making them move faster. We have very little idea what that source of expansion is, but we have called it "dark energy" to reflect the fact that we cannot see it (or haven't seen it so far; maybe we aren't looking in the right place).
Hydrogen is formed in the universe through a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis. During the early stages of the universe's expansion, high temperatures and pressures allowed for the fusion of protons and neutrons to create hydrogen nuclei. This process is considered the primary source of hydrogen in the universe.
The collapse of the universe inward is called "the Big Crunch" hypothesis. It suggests that the expansion of the universe will eventually halt and reverse, leading to a collapse of all matter back into a hot, dense state. However, current observations suggest that the universe is actually expanding at an accelerating rate, which makes a Big Crunch less likely.
Such an idea can hardly be called a "hypothesis" any more; it is now quite certain that it IS expanding, and that the expansion gets faster and faster. Probably something like "accelerated expansion rate".