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The main function of chloroplasts in the living cell is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis comprises several biochemical reactions enabling photolysis of water and assimilation of carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrate and oxygen.

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll molecules, which absorb the sun's energy and convert it into chemical energy that can be used to fuel chemical reactions in the cell. This process is known as photosynthesis and is performed by all autotrophic organisms (such as plants and certain bacteria).

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