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Consider an organism as a collection of inherited traits. Now consider each trait to be the expression of a single allele. An allele is a variant of a gene. For instance, if eye colour is coded for by a single gene, then there may be an allele A that codes for blue eyes, and an allele B that codes for brown eyes. A population gene pool, then, is the collection of all alleles present in a population of organisms from a single species. The allele frequency is the number of times a specific allele occurs in the population gene pool. For instance, the allele frequency of the brown-eye allele may be higher than the frequency of the blue-eye allele, meaning that more people have brown eyes than blue eyes, in this simplification.

Evolution is measured in terms of changing allele frequencies. For instance, in our example, we could measure the number of people with blue eyes in generation one, and then measure the number again in generation one hundred. If we see a significant shift in frequency, then evolution has occurred.

Nota bene: this is not how it works in reality, but it's easier to explain it in such simple terms than if I were to go into the complexities of population genetics.

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