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With regard to work output vs. caloric input, the thermodynamic efficiency of a human being is about 25%. This comes from measuring the work output of cyclists compared to the oxygen they consume. However, some of the energy value of the food people eat exits the body unused, because it is not metabolized. The unused portion might be 1/3 to 1/2 of the total energy value ingested. When the unused food energy value is included, the thermodynamic efficiency thus drops to 13% to 17%.

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