What is the theory that all planets revolve around earth?

Answer 1

That is part of an earlier theory of the planets' paths through the sky, devised by Ptolemy in AD 100. The planets were assumed to orbit round the Earth and for that reason the theory was described as geocentric.

The Ptolemaic theory used combinations of circles to explain the planets' orbits. It explained the planets' movements quite accurately and was accepted for over 1000 years as correct because no major faults had been detected with it.

In the 16th century the theory was re-examined by Copernicus who devised a new theory with the Sun at the centre (heliocentric), which in a sense was simpler, and the two theories coexisted as theories.

In 1609 Johannes Kepler produced a new theory from the latest observations by Tycho Brahe using new equipment designed by himself with unprecedented accuracy. Kepler's theory had the Sun at the centre but used the novel idea of elliptical orbits, and this model was later confirmed by Newton's theoretical discoveries and also by subsequent accurate observations.