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The third step of soil formation is known as alteration. This involves the physical and chemical weathering of rocks and minerals by factors like temperature changes, water movement, and organic activity. These processes break down the parent material into smaller particles, which eventually form the basis of soil.
The step of the water cycle that indicates the formation of clouds is condensation. This occurs when water vapor in the air cools and changes back into liquid water, forming tiny water droplets that can gather and create clouds.
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The five soil factors that geographers study are parent material, relief, climate, organisms, and time. Parent material refers to the rock or sediment from which soil is formed, relief considers the landscape's shape and slope, climate influences temperature and precipitation patterns affecting soil formation, organisms refer to the living organisms that contribute to soil formation, and time is the duration for soils to develop.
Soil formation factors include climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time. These factors interact to create various types of soil through processes such as weathering, organic matter decomposition, and soil mixing. Each factor plays a significant role in shaping the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil.
Humanification is the formation of humus, which is a dark, organic material in soil that is rich in nutrients and promotes plant growth. This process occurs when organic matter, such as dead plant material, decomposes and is broken down by microorganisms in the soil. Humus helps improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability for plants.