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There are two ways to know the formula of a chemical compound. Either it is already written on the bottle in which you obtained it, or it is an unknown compound in which case you can perform an analysis which can be simple or complicated depending upon the nature of the chemical that you are analysing. Normally, if the compound is truly unknown, you first test for the presence of the cyanide radical, since you do not want to accidentally release deadly cyanogen gas. The indicator is the ferric ion, which will turn bright red if it combines with the cyanide ion. After that, there are lots of other tests you can perform. Lots and lots.

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